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This book presents the analysis and design of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bridge decks, which have been increasingly implemented in rehabilitation projects and new construction due to their reduced weight, lower maintenance costs, and enhanced durability. It compiles the necessary information, based primarily on research by the authors, to facilitate the development of standards and guidelines for using FRP decks in bridge designs. The book combines analytical models, numerical analyses, and experimental investigations, which can be applied to various design formulations. It also, for the first time, offers a complete set of design guidelines.
In an effort to better understand the performance of bridges with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite decks, four different deck systems were installed in a 207-meter, three-lane, five-span bridge in Dayton, Ohio. The spans range from 40 to 44 m, and the bridge consists of six steel girders. The span lengths and large number of panels created a unique opportunity to evaluate the response of four common FRP bridge deck systems under identical traffic and environmental conditions. Over a six-year period, the performance of the bridge and its components were monitored through field documentations, long-term continuous monitoring of key responses, controlled static and dynamic truck load tests conducted on a regular basis, and multi-reference modal tests performed in conjunction with the truck load tests. The measurements from nearly 300 sensors allowed a detailed evaluation of critical design issues such as the behavior of FRP panel-steel girder connections and connections between FRP panels, impact factor and distribution factors for bridges with FRP decks, thermal characteristics of FRP panels versus conventional reinforced concrete decks, critical role of thermal behavior of FRP panels on the overall performance, level of composite action, and serviceability issues for bridges with FRP decks. Based on the presented information, a number of recommendation for improved behavior are made.
Decks manufactured with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are used in highway bridges. A performance evaluation of FRP composite decks subjected to simulated traffic loads that induce repetitive stress cycles under extremely high and low temperature is presented. Fatigue testing of three FRP composite bridge deck prototypes and one FRP-concrete hybrid bridge deck prototype under two extreme temperature conditions: -30 C ( -22 F), and 50 C (122 F) was conducted. The fatigue response of the deck prototypes was correlated with the baseline performance of a conventional reinforced concrete deck subjected to similar test conditions. Design loads were applied simultaneously at two points using servo-controlled hydraulic actuators specially designed and fabricated to perform under extreme temperatures. Quasi-static load-deflection and load-strain characteristics were determined at predetermined fatigue cycle levels. No significant distress was observed in any of the composite deck prototypes during ten million load cycles. The effects of extreme temperatures and accumulated load cycles on the load-deflection and load-strain response of FRP composite and FRP-concrete hybrid bridge decks are discussed based on the experimental results.
The deterioration of steel in aging reinforced concrete bridges is a continual problem which could benefit from improved rehabilitation techniques that take advantage of enhanced and more durable materials such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Appropriately designed hybrid material systems benefit from the performance and durability advantages of FRP materials yet remain more cost effective than comparable all-composite systems. Development of rapid rehabilitation systems for the decks of concrete box girder bridges, which are increasingly common throughout the United States, is presented. One goal of this research is to assess and validate the use of FRP composite panels for use as both stay-in-place formwork and as the bottom longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in the deck of concrete box girder bridges. Performance assessments for full-scale two-cell box girder bridge specimens through monotonic and extensive cyclic loading provided validation for the FRP panel system bridge deck as a viable rehabilitation solution for box girder bridge decks. The FRP panel system performed comparably to a conventionally reinforced concrete bridge deck in terms of serviceability, deflection profiles, and system level structural interaction and performed superior to the RC bridge deck in terms of residual deflections, and structural response under cyclic loading. Assessment of a damaged FRP panel bridge deck system, which was repaired using a resin injection technique, showed superior performance for the repaired system in terms of integrity of the FRP panel interface and cyclic response. Rapid rehabilitation techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete box girder bridge deck overhangs using near-surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) were also evaluated. Analytical predictions of load carrying capacity and deflections provided correlation with experimental results, and the developed analysis methods provide an effective design tool for future research. Results from the laboratory testing of a bridge deck overhang strengthened with FRP showed significant increases in load carrying capacity as well as deformation capacity as compared to the as-built specimen without FRP. This research provides enhanced understanding of hybrid structures and indicates significant potential for rehabilitation applications to concrete box girder bridges.
"This book presents the analysis and design of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) decks, which have been increasingly implemented in rehabilitation projects and new construction due to their reduced weight, lower maintenance costs, and enhanced durability and service life. The book is organized into three complementary parts, covering FRP decks, shear connectors between the deck and steel girders, and the behavior of bridge systems. It outlines analysis and design guidelines for each specific deck type, which can be broadly classified according to their production process as sandwich panels and adhesively bonded cellular sections, produced mainly by pultrusion"--
"This investigation studied the structural performance of FRP composite materials in bridge decks through in-place load tests and analytical studies. Two multi-panel bridge decks were studied: Saint Francis Street Bridge consisting of a deck built with four glass FRP (GFRP) honeycomb panels, whereas Waters Street Bridge consists of nine FRP-RC panels. The performance of the two bridges was monitored by load tests for over three to four years. The main objectives of this investigation were: to examine the deflection data in service that can be correlated to allowable deflections; to estimate if there is any stiffness degradation that can indicate distress in the deck; to compute the load fraction distribution between panels based on experimental data and attempt the load rating using the load test results"--Introduction, leaves 2-3.
Throughout the United States including New York, many reinforced concrete bridges on county and state highway systems have deteriorated to the certain degree that structural strengthening is necessary to extend their service life. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite systems appeared to be one of the options to address the issues of cost-effective load-rating improvement. Recently, an FRP deck has been installed on a state highway, located in New York State, as an experimental project. This paper describes multi-step linear static analyses that were conducted using the finite element method to study the possible failure mechanisms of the deck-superstructure system. Finite element model was verified using the load tests of the bridge deck. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the FRP deck was investigated and presented in this paper. Analytical results reveal several potential failure mechanisms for the FRP deck and truss bridge system.
In recent years, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) deck systems have emerged as a viable alternative to conventional systems, namely reinforced-concrete slabs. The use of such systems to replace existing, deteriorated bridge deck systems offers both economic benefits and improved performance. The economic advantages are possible for a number of reasons: since such composite systems are lighter, considerable savings are realized by reduced transportation costs (several deck systems can be transported on one truck); erection costs will be less as relatively light cranes can be used to install the decks; and construction time is reduced, which eliminates long traffic delays. Due to the high resistance of FRP deck systems to environmental effects and corrosion attack, the long- term performance is also expected to be improved significantly, leading to lower maintenance and longer service life.