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International Competition Law Series#91 Enforcement of competition law often calls for a complex economic and legal assessment, and the review of those enforcement decisions usually falls to national courts. In this connection, however, European competition law and legal scholarship have offered scant guidance on how judicial review should and does function. This book, the first comprehensive, systematic, and comparative empirical study of judicial review of competition law public enforcement in the EU and the UK, provides a thorough understanding of the practical operation of the role of judicial review in competition enforcement. A country-by-country analysis, along with a detailed introduction and an incisive comparative summary, covers all publicly available judicial review judgments – 5,707 in all – of final public enforcement actions in relation to Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and relevant national provisions in the twenty-seven EU Member States and the UK rendered between 1 May 2004 and 30 April 2021. The data presented draws on a rich database built for the purpose of this study by twenty-eight national teams of competition law academics and practitioners. For each jurisdiction, the analysis focuses on such aspects as the following: structure of the national enforcement system; number of judgments rendered; success rate; types of appellants; competition rules subject to review; grounds of review; use of preliminary references; appeals involving leniency and/or settlements; and role of third parties. Numerous graphs, figures, and tables support the presentation. In the light it sheds on trends in judicial review of competition law enforcement on a comparative basis, and in its data-driven assessment of how the decentralised judicial review of EU competition law meets EU integration aims, this important study will be of inestimable value to competition lawyers, policymakers, and academics in developing a confident understanding of precisely how judicial review in this area operates in each of the EU Member States and the UK. In addition, the book provides a significant contribution not only with respect to EU and national competition laws but also, more broadly, to comparative administrative law scholarship in Europe.
The purpose of this country study is to evaluate Bulgaria's progress in its transition from plan to market and preparing for membership to the European Union. It examines economic developments during the 1990's with a focus on the 1997-1999 period. This study describes the structural and institutional reforms implemented during this period, their impact and the prospects for accession to the European Union.
This Volume aims to provide an analysis of problems and challenges relating to the creation of a legal infrastructure that meets the needs and capabilities of emerging market economies in the light of the privatisation process.
The "Europeanization" of European private law has recently received much scrutiny and attention. Harmonizing European systems of law represents one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. In effect, it is the adaptation of national laws into a new supra-national law, a process that signifies the beginning of a new age in Europe. This volume seeks to frame the creation of a new European Common Law in the context of recent events in European integration.Engaged in timely and cutting edge research, the authors cast into fine relief the building of a European Common Law. The work is envisioned as a guide and written in a research friendly style that includes text inserts and an extensive bibliography. In particular, this book seeks to orient lawmakers, as well as those individuals interested in EU law, in the intricacies of consumer protection, contractual law, timesharing, and other important aspects in the harmonization of domestic and EU law books. The detailed analysis and research this volume accomplishes is invaluable to those scholars and lawmakers who are the next generation of European leaders.
This technical paper outlines the key elements of the regulatory environment for business in Bulgaria. Its eight chapters are based largely on a review of Bulgarian legislation and regulations, in effect in the second half of the year 2000. In Bulgaria, there have been many positive economic developments in recent years. By describing and enhancing the understanding of the regulatory framework, this paper aims to help bring about further improvements in the years ahead.
A comprehensive guide to the competition regimes of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
The book focusses on the enforcement of consumer law in order to identify commonalities and best practices across nations. It is composed of twenty-eight contributions from national rapporteurs to the IACL Congress in Montevideo in 2016 and the introductory comparative general report. The national contributors are drawn from across the globe, with representation from Africa (1), Asia (5), Europe (15), Oceania (2) and the Americas (5). The general report proposes a general introduction to the question of enforcement and effectiveness of consumer law. It then proceeds to identify the variety of ways in which national legislatures approach this question and the diversity of mechanisms put in place to address it. The general report uses examples drawn from the reports to illustrate common approaches and to identify more original or distinct unique approaches, taking into account the reported strengths and weaknesses of each. The general report consistently points readers to particular national reports on specific issues, inviting readers to consult these individual contributions for more details. The national contributions deal with the following areas: the national legal framework for consumer protection, the general design of the enforcement mechanism, the number and characteristics of consumer complaints and disputes, the use of courts and specialized agencies for the enforcement of consumer law, the role of consumer organizations and of private regulation in the enforcement of consumer law, the place of collective redress mechanism and of alternative dispute resolution modes, the sanctions for breaches of consumer law and the nature of external relations or cooperation with other countries or international organizations. These enriching national and international perspectives offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of consumer law around the globe.
This 1999 edition of OECD's periodic review of Bulgaria's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. It includes special features on the revival of commercial banks and privatisation and restructuring in the corporate sector.