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This report presents the highlights of what has been ascertained about the interactions of liquid and vapor sodium, NaK potassium, lithium, and cesium with solid materials of potential use in practical liquid-metal systems. Data for inclusion were selected by the authors on the basis of their practical utility to designers and research workers. There has been an accelerating interest in alkali metals as (1) coolants for fast-breeder nuclear reactors, (2) coolants in space power plants, (3) Rankine-cycle working fluids in high- temperature nuclear reactors, (4) propellants in ion-propulsion engines, (5) seeding materials in magnetohydrodynamic generators, (6) space-charge dissipating media in thermionic generators, and (7) high-temperature hydraulic fluids. Prominent among the liquid-metals research efforts are studies directed toward finding the best containment material for a given alkali under a given set of operating conditions.
This report summarizes the achievements on fourteen programs that were conducted in support of the Metals Sheet Rolling Program. These included programs for developing practices to produce large sheets from two grades of unalloyed tungsten (via powder metallurgy and arc melting, respectively), as well as for the Mo-0.5Ti, Mo-0.5Ti-0.1Zr-0.03C (TZM), Cb-10W-1Zr-0.1C (D-43), Cb-10W-2.5Zr (Cb-752), and Ta-30Cb-7.5V alloys. In addition, pilot sheet-rolling programs were also carried out for the Cb-27Ta-10W-1Zr (FS-85), Cb-5Mo-5V-1Zr (B-66), Ta-7W-3Re (GE-473), and Ta-9.6W-2.4Hf-0.01C (T-222) compositions.
Critical Materials Problems in Energy Production discusses the most challenging of the materials problems in the areas of production, distribution, and energy storage. This book is a result of the Distinguished Lecture Series on "Critical Materials Problems in Energy Production sponsored by the Joint Center for Materials Science in New Mexico. This text is organized into eight sections encompassing 29 chapters that cover topics on nuclear power, materials for high-temperature applications, solar energy, direct solar conversion, coal and other fossil fuels, superconducting materials, and energy storage devices. After a brief introduction to overall perspective of the energy program, the book goes on discussing the problems encountered in nuclear power generation, including the complication of their interdependence, the severity of the service parameters, and the need for safety and reliability. Section II examines the progress made in the development of high-temperature materials suitable for use in magnetohydrodynamic converts and advanced turbines and jet engines. The subsequent two sections address the thermal/optical requirements for solar utilization devices and the limitations encountered in solar cell materials. Section V deals with the metallurgical problems emanating from the materials used for confinement and the flow of energy in steam generating systems. This section also describes the close dependence of catalytic performance on technological innovations in the field of materials science. Section VI discusses the basics of superconductivity phenomena. Section VII deals with the materials problems related to the development of more efficient batteries. Discussions on new electrode materials, solid electrolytes, and high-temperature battery systems are included in this section. The concluding section provides supplemental texts containing references and readings.
High-strength steels are susceptible to delayed cracking under suitable conditions. Frequently such a brittle failure occurs at a stress that is only a fraction of the nominal yield strength. Considerable controversy exists over whether such failures result from two separate and distinct phenomena or whether there is but one mechanism called by two different names. Stress-corrosion cracking is the process in which a crack propagates, at least partially, by the stress induced corrosion of a susceptible metal at the advancing tip of the stress-corrosion crack. There is considerable evidence that this cracking results from the electrtrochemical corrosion of a metal subjected to tensile stresses, either residual or externally applied. Hydrogen-stress cracking is cracking which occurs as the result of hydrogen in the metal lattice in combination with tensile stresses. Hydrogen-stress cracking cannot occur if hydrogen is prevented from entering the steel, or if hydrogen that has entered during processing or service is removed before permanent damage has occurred. It is generally agreed that corrosion plays no part in the actual fracture mechanism. This report was prepared to point out wherein the two fracture mechanisms under consideration are similar and wherein they differ. From the evidence available today, the present authors have concluded that there are two distinct mechansims of delayed failure. (Author).
As part of the Metalworking Processes and Equipment Program, information was collected on deformation characteristics of metals and their effect on processing operations. The report presents the information collected from technical engineering reports on Government contracts and from general engineering and metallurgical publications. The objective is to help the nonspecialist in recognizing the implications of scientific findings and in applying them in specific operations. This report contains a series of articles covering the following subjects: Ductile Fracture; Application of High Pressure to the Forming of Brittle Metals; Superplasticity; Lubrication in Metal-Deformation Processes; Swaging; Adiabatic Conditions in Deformation Processing; Residual Stresses produced by Deformation. These subjects are treated in two ways: (1) generalized discussions of common processes point out why specific variables must be modified in order to deform certain types of metals satisfactorily; and (2) data on the more difficult-to-form metals are used to illustrate the principles, limitations, and effects of the processes. (Author).