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This analysis of social equity and the solicitation and granting of federal funds will examine how police agencies have changed in lieu of the receipt of these funds authorized by the 1994 Federal Crime Bill. In the first part of this study, an analysis of the recent history of federal funding aimed at improving law enforcement capabilities will be examined. Next, the community oriented policing (COP) movement will be analyzed by detailing the types of programs subsidized by the 1994 Crime Bill funding, their original intent, and how they were to be operationalized will be discussed. A theoretical framework will be presented that will use empirical assessments of the number of community (or proactive) programs in place in each agency, degrees of organizational change noted in a three-year review of each department's structure as reported in the LEMAS survey of police departments, the levels of economic inequality present in the jurisdictions that received COP funding, and the ethnic composition of these jurisdictions.
The second edition of Community-Oriented Policing: A Systemic Approach to Policing reviews the development of community-oriented policing over the last two decades of the twentieth century, and explores the future of this innovative approach to policing for the twenty-first century. It continues to combine the philosophical aspects with the experiential implementation of community-oriented policing, in order to derive a balance between theory and practice. It is intended for professors, students, and police practitioners interested in this progressive approach to policing. New to the Second Edition: a new chapter titled Comparative Community-Oriented Policing that explores the concepts of community-oriented policing and how they have been adapted in other countries including Canada, Britain, and Japan; a new chapter titled The Federal Role in Community-Oriented Policing that explores the Crime Bill of 1994 and the 100,000 COPS initiative by the Department of Justice's Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS), and how this has affected community-oriented policing throughout the Nation; updated research, practical applications, and case studies; updated COP in A
Community policing, as a philosophy, supports the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, including crime, social disorder, and fear of crime—as opposed to responding to crime after it occurs. Community policing expands the traditional police mandate. It broadens the focus of fighting crime to include solving community problems and forming partnerships with people in the community so average citizens can contribute to the policing process. Originating during police reform efforts of the 1970s, the philosophy of community policing is currently widespread and embraced by many citizens, police administrators, scholars, and local and federal politicians. What sorts of collaborative partnerships have evolved between policing agencies and the individuals and communities they serve? How do police departments engage in systematic examination of identified problems to develop effective responses? How have police departments aligned their organizational structures to best support community partnerships and proactive problem solving? Just how effective have efforts at community policing been? These questions and more are explored within the pages of this new reference work. Features: A collection of 150 to 175 entries are organized in A-to-Z fashion in one volume available in both electronic and print formats. Signed entries, authored by significant figures in the field, each conclude with Cross-References and Suggestions for Further Readings to guide students to in-depth resources. Brief "What Works" case studies within appropriate entries profile community policing programs and strategies as tried in various cities and communities. Although organized in A-to-Z fashion, a thematic "Reader′s Guide" in the front matter groups related entries by broad topic areas (e.g., Foundations; Methods & Practices; Legislation & National Organizations; Changing Agency Culture; Planning & Implementation; Training & Curriculum; Assessment & Evaluation; etc.). Also included in the front matter, a Chronology provides students with historical perspective of the development of community policing. The entire work concludes with a Resources appendix listing classic books, journals, and associations, followed by a comprehensive Index.
Traces the historical development of American policing through the community era. This book introduces readers to the concept of community in modern society and explores changes in the function and legitimacy of police organizations. It emphasizes agency leadership, problem-solving, coactive policing, organizational change, and strategic planning.
Framing community policing not as a program, but as a transformation from traditional policing that involves sweeping changes in the way police view their role and relationships with the community, the authors demonstrate how law enforcement officers can partner with the community to help facilitate problem-solving of public safety issues.
The police are perhaps the most visible representation of government. They are charged with what has been characterized as an "impossible" mandate -- control and prevent crime, keep the peace, provide public services -- and do so within the constraints of democratic principles. The police are trusted to use deadly force when it is called for and are allowed access to our homes in cases of emergency. In fact, police departments are one of the few government agencies that can be mobilized by a simple phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They are ubiquitous within our society, but their actions are often not well understood. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing brings together research on the development and operation of policing in the United States and elsewhere. Accomplished policing researchers Michael D. Reisig and Robert J. Kane have assembled a cast of renowned scholars to provide an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the institution of policing. The different sections of the Handbook explore policing contexts, strategies, authority, and issues relating to race and ethnicity. The Handbook also includes reviews of the research methodologies used by policing scholars and considerations of the factors that will ultimately shape the future of policing, thus providing persuasive insights into why and how policing has developed, what it is today, and what to expect in the future. Aimed at a wide audience of scholars and students in criminology and criminal justice, as well as police professionals, the Handbook serves as the definitive resource for information on this important institution.