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Essays on destructive influences of the modern environment on human behavior.
Essays on destructive influences of the modern environment on human behavior.
A historian of science examines key public debates about the fundamental nature of humans to ask why a polarized discourse about nature versus nurture became so entrenched in the popular sciences of animal and human behavior. Are humans innately aggressive or innately cooperative? In the 1960s, bestselling books enthralled American readers with the startling claim that humans possessed an instinct for violence inherited from primate ancestors. Critics responded that humans were inherently loving and altruistic. The resulting debateÑfiercely contested and highly publicÑleft a lasting impression on the popular science discourse surrounding what it means to be human. Killer Instinct traces how Konrad Lorenz, Robert Ardrey, and their followers drew on the sciences of animal behavior and paleoanthropology to argue that the aggression instinct drove human evolutionary progress. Their message, spread throughout popular media, brought pointed ripostes. Led by the anthropologist Ashley Montagu, opponents presented a rival vision of human nature, equally based in biological evidence, that humans possessed inborn drives toward love and cooperation. Over the course of the debate, however, each side accused the other of holding an extremist position: that behavior was either determined entirely by genes or shaped solely by environment. Nadine Weidman shows that what started as a dispute over the innate tendencies of animals and humans transformed into an opposition between nature and nurture. This polarized formulation proved powerful. When E. O. Wilson introduced his sociobiology in 1975, he tried to rise above the oppositional terms of the aggression debate. But the controversy over WilsonÕs workÑled by critics like the feminist biologist Ruth HubbardÑwas ultimately absorbed back into the nature-versus-nurture formulation. Killer Instinct explores what happens and what gets lost when polemics dominate discussions of the science of human nature.
Lze se pro dobré fungování lidské společnosti poučit nebo inspirovat studiem nádorů? Jak vznikají? Proč nás tolik zajímají? Co nás učí? Mnohobuněčný organismus je v této knize prezentován jako komplexní systém tvořený mnoha buňkami, které spolupracují, zatímco nádory jsou důsledkem opuštění spolupráce a porušování jejích základních principů. Autorka na základě obecné teorie systémů hledá paralely a extrapolace pravidel spolupráce a forem jejich porušování i v jiných komplexních systémech, včetně lidské společnosti. Vedle detailnějšího vhledu do podstaty vzniku a vývoje nádorů kniha nabízí zamyšlení nad otázkou, zda i lidé, podobně jako nádorové buňky, neporušují nebezpečně a sebedestruktivně klíčová pravidla podmiňující dobré fungování systému, jehož jsou součástí.
Dr. Sunic examines the principal themes which have concerned the thinkers of the New Right since its inception by Alain de Benoist in 1968, and also discusses the significance of some of the older authors who have been particularly influential on the development of the movement, including Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt, and Vilfredo Pareto.
Originally published in 1983, this clear-sighted study built an understanding of what human behaviour meant at the time: an understanding which can still be of practical use for those who work with people in their everyday lives today. The various influences on the individual are carefully examined, with theoretical approaches from different standpoints considered in relation to one another, from the development of the personality and behaviour patterns to the effect of family and social life, culminating in the picture of a ‘whole’, responsive person. Relationships are seen to be important, and this is reflected in the selection of material. Ford argues that it is the social worker’s role to offer guidance relating to the nature and quality of an individual’s interaction with society, and that this can be done more effectively if there is a practical understanding of how this interaction evolves. Examples of social work practice are given throughout to show how such understandings may be used.
The nature-nurture debate continues to stir controversy in the social and behavioral sciences. How much of human behavior and development can be attributed to biology and how much to the environment? Can either be said to &“determine&” human development? And what are the implications of each view for society? In this important study, a noted developmental psychologist contributes to this debate by confronting the difficult issue of &“doctrines&” of human development and the consequences for society of deriving political programs and public policy from them. Beginning with the premise that scientific ideas are not neutral but can be used for either good or evil, Richard Lerner considers the recent history of one such idea, biological determinism, which at times has had the backing of respected scientists, intellectuals, and political leaders. During this century, biological determinism has been coupled with political philosophies that hold that some people are inherently better than others. This has meant that certain groups of people&—Jews, Blacks, Native Americans, women&—have been stigmatized because of supposedly innate, even &“biological,&” differences, with sometimes disastrous consequences. The most notorious instance was Nazi Germany, where &“racial science,&” given legitimacy by the scientific community, became a cornerstone of the Nazi &“Final Solution.&” Meanwhile, theories of biological determinism continue to find adherents within the scientific community. Konrad Lorenz, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1973, was a critical figure in the development of the most recent manifestation of biological determinism&—sociobiology. Lerner examines the work of Lorenz and current sociobiologists and the implications of their claims for modern society. He fears that biological determinism may again be co-opted to serve the political agenda of today&’s reactionary politicians. In fact, Lerner notes, sociobiologists have had to face the fact that organizations such as the fascist National Front party in Britain and its counterparts in France and the United States have selectively seized upon sociobiology to fuel their notions of genetically superior and inferior races.