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Fifteen years after the fall of communism, we are able to appraise the results of the multi-faceted postcommunist transition in Central and Eastern Europe with authority. This volume specifically addresses the fascinating area of Civil-Military relations throughout this transitional period. The countries of the region inherited a onerous legacy in this area: their armed forces were part of the communist party-state system and most were oriented towards Cold War missions; they were large in size and supported by high levels of defence spending; and they were based on universal male conscription. Central and eastern European states have thus faced a three fold civil-military reform challenge: establishing democratic and civilian control over their armed forces; implementing organisational reform to meet the security and foreign policy demands of the new era; and redefining military bases for legitimacy in society. This volume assesses the experiences of Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Croatia, Serbia-Montenegro, Ukraine and Russia in these areas. Collectively these countries illustrate the way in which the interaction of broadly similar postcommunist challenges and distinct national contexts have combined to produce a wide variety of different patterns of civil-military relations. This book was previously published as a special issue of European Security.
Civil society organisations from Austria, Hungary and Romania introduce the civil society of the three countries under the EUCivis project in the form of three separate books printed in two languages: in the local language and English. The booklet on Romania discusses in separate chapters the history, current situation, the European dimension and an analysis of the challenges and perspectives of civil society in Romania. Interviews with local civil society actors, a chronology of events, a list of local NGOs and a glossary make the booklet a comprehensive guide to the Romanian nonprofit sector. The project enjoys the support of the Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency of the European Commission within the Europe for Citizens Programme --
This new book illustrates how democracy cannot develop or endure unless military and security forces are under the full control of democratic institutions and all the necessary safeguards, checks and balances are in place. The contributors show how contemporary European states manage the following issue: how does a society, primarily through its legitimate, democratically elected political leaders and their appointed officials, control the military, that same state institution that has been established for its protection and wields the monopoly of legitimate force? Tw.
A historical look at the emergence of fascism in Europe Drawing on a Gramscian theoretical perspective and development a systematic comparative approach, The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870-1945 challenges the received Tocquevillian consensus on authoritarianism by arguing that fascist regimes, just like mass democracies, depended on well-organized, rather than weak and atomized, civil societies. In making this argument the book focuses on three crucial cases of inter-war authoritarianism: Italy, Spain and Romania, selected because they are all counter-intuitive from the perspective of established explanations, while usefully demonstrating the range of fascist outcomes in interwar Europe. Civic Foundations argues that, in all three cases, fascism emerged because the rapid development of voluntary associations combined with weakly developed political parties among the dominant class thus creating a crisis of hegemony. Riley then traces the specific form that this crisis took depending on the form of civil society development (autonomous- as in Italy, elite dominated as in Spain, or state dominated as in Romania) in the nineteenth century.
This edited volume examines two recent Central European recodifications of civil law. The contributors present and discuss the regulation and the fundamental changes related to the new Civil Codes in each country. They also highlight the novelties and some of the issues of great debate of the new regulation. The papers investigate specific parts of the two Civil Codes. Coverage reviews default rules of legal persons and companies, key issues of the new regulations of property law, and the topic of intellectual property. The contributors also consider the law of obligation, unforeseeable changes in circumstances in contracts, family law and law of succession, and more. Hungary and Romania connect to each other by their special historical and cultural background, which serves as a solid basis of great cooperation. This volume shows how the two countries view civil law. It offers readers straightforward and practice-oriented knowledge on the subject.
This publication contains selected legal texts and instruments on areas of judicial co-operation in European civil law, including the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters, insolvency proceedings, contractual obligations, the service of documents, the taking of evidence, legal aid, and the European Judicial Network.
This comparative study looks at how democratic control of the military functions in practice in Europe. This is essential reading for students of civil-military relations, democratization, European politics and security studies in general.
The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations not only fills this important lacuna, but offers an up-to-date comparative analysis which identifies three essential components in civil-military relations: (1) democratic civilian control; (2) operational effectiveness; and (3) the efficiency of the security institutions. This Handbook will be essential reading for students and practitioners in the fields of civil-military relations.
…European Union has been plagued by many crisis since its beginning (during the fifties and sixties as the periods following the ruins of the World War Two in Europe, then, during the seventies and eighties the raising of the Euro–Communism in founding countries as Germany and Italy, through terrorist organizations as “RAF” in Germany and “Brigate Rosse” in Italy, then, in the nineties with the falling of Communism in Eastern Europe with millions migrations from Eastern Europe towards Western Europe, adding another millions of refugees out of Africa and Asia, particularly out of Islam poor world within Europe Union… …Our book LEX SAPIENS is trying to reiterate the battlefields of the author with the remnants of communist regime in Eastern Europe, which instead of being condemned by the European Institutions (Council, Parliament, Commission), is further protected through many irrationalities done by the Europe Union as whole (regretfully, to many failures and mistakes within Europe Union, throughout of its 62 years of existence)… LEX SAPIENTOLOGIST
This book examines the ways in which European democracies, including former communist states, are dealing with the new demands placed on their security policies since the cold war by transforming their military structures, and the effects this is having on the conceptualisation of soldiering. In the new security environment, democratic states have called upon their armed forces increasingly to fulfil unconventional tasks - partly civilian, partly humanitarian, and partly military - in most complex, multi-national missions. Not only have military structures been transformed to make them fit for these new types of deployments, but the new mission types highlight the necessity for democracies to come to terms with a new image and ethos of soldiering in defence of a transnational value community. Combining a qualitative comparison of twelve countries with an interdisciplinary methodology, this edited volume argues that the ongoing transformations of international politics make it necessary for democracies to address both internal and external factors as they shape their own civil-military relations. The issues discussed in this work are informed by Democratic Peace theory, which makes it possible to investigate relations within the state at the same time as analysing the international dimension. This approach gives the book a systematic theoretical framework which distinguishes it from the majority of existing literature on this subject. This book will be of much interest to students of civil-military relations, European politics, democratisation and post-communist transitions, and IR in general.