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Petrography is the scientific description of the composition and texture of rock, including the systematic classification of rocks. Petrographic examination of hardened concrete--a man-made rock--is the examination of concrete by the techniques used in petrography to determine the formation, composition, and internal structure of the concrete and to classify it as to its type, condition, and serviceability.
ALMOST 50 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE PUBLICAtion of ASTM STP 169A, in which this chapter was first published. Katherine Mather, who wrote the first two versions of this chapter in ASTM STP 169A and 169B, quoted, in her closing, from St. Paul, "Things which are seen"--concrete and mortar--"were not made of things which do appear." But then, St. Paul was not a petrographer. St. Paul is not with us--neither is Katherine, who died in 1991. Much of this paper is still her "quote" on petrography, but with changes and additions that update the subject.
Microscopy of Ceramics and Cements: Including Glasses, Slags, and Foundry Sands presents the extraordinary value of the microscope in dealing with problems in the manufacture and use of ceramics. This book outlines the methods that are useful in applying polarizing microscope. Organized into 15 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the features of the instruments and of the methods employing them that are appropriate to their use in ceramic research and control laboratories. This text then book surveys the foundation of past experience with the microscope in the several ceramic fields of whitewares, refractories, porcelain enamels, cements, abrasives, foundry sands, and metallurgical slags as a basis for engineering applications and fundamental studies. Other chapters consider the nomenclature employed and interference figures. This book discusses as well the raw materials of ceramics. The final chapter deals with commercially used natural abrasives. This book is a valuable resource for chemists, physicist, and mineralogists.
How can you ensure that you are learning everything your artifacts have to teach you? Charles Ewen explores a variety of methods and techniques used to prepare, protect, and analyze artifacts once they are in the lab. In brief, user-friendly sections, he outlines the basic principles of identification, classification, quantification, data manipulation, and analysis. Students will find that Ewen's suggestions point out fruitful areas of analysis, yet do not dictate the researcher's approach. Examples drawn from 16th century Spanish sites in the Americas introduce students to the hows and whys of archaeological lab work.