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Cerium Oxide (CeO2): Synthesis, Properties and Applications provides an updated and comprehensive account of the research in the field of cerium oxide based materials. The book is divided into three main blocks that deal with its properties, synthesis and applications. Special attention is devoted to the growing number of applications of ceria based materials, including their usage in industrial and environmental catalysis and photocatalysis, energy production and storage, sensors, cosmetics, radioprotection, glass technology, pigments, stainless steel and toxicology. A brief historical introduction gives users background, and a final chapter addresses future perspectives and outlooks to stimulate future research. The book is intended for a wide audience, including students, academics and industrial researchers working in materials science, chemistry and physics. Addresses a wide range of applications of ceria-based materials, including catalysis, energy production and storage, sensors, cosmetics and toxicology Provides the fundamentals of ceria-based materials, including synthesis methods, materials properties, toxicology and surface chemistry Includes nanostructured ceria-based materials and a discussion of future prospects and outlooks
This book focuses on the chemical structure and applications of CeO2. It covers the recent developments in a wide range of CeO2 applications, particularly catalysis corrosion protection, fuel cells, sensors, and UV-blocking. It also provides a concise but thorough coverage of the chemical structure and applications of CeO2. Thus, this book provides an overview of chemical structure, applications, and recent attributes of CeO2 for a broad audience, including beginners, graduate students, and specialists in both academic and industrial sectors.
Generally the nanometer scale covers from 1 to 100 nm while discussing the nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have very high potency and emerge with large applications piercing through all the discipline of knowledge, leading to industrial and technological growth. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that has its roots in fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and biomedical and supramolecular chemistry. The main objective of the book is to cover maximum areas focusing on synthesis, characterization with various microscopic techniques, and multiple applications. This book is divided into two sections with Non-carbon Compounds and Carbon Compounds. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of metal, metal oxides, and metal hydroxide nanoparticles are covered in the section Non-carbon Compounds, while the section Carbon Compounds focuses on the carbon nanotubes, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, etc.
One of the directions of nanotechnology is the production of nanopowders (NPs). Nanopowders, according to the currently widely used classification of nanomaterials, belong to zero-dimensional systems in which the limitation of wave functions occurs in all three directions. Biological methods are considered the most environmentally friendly way to synthesize NPs, but the possibility of biological contamination with mutated microorganisms cannot be ruled out. This book presents a new method for producing simple and complex metal oxide and fluoride NPs, based on the “evaporation-condensation” process using pulsed electron beam evaporation. It presents the results of more than 10 years of study of the characteristics of NPs produced using the aforementioned method. This eco-friendly method ensures the production of clean NPs, which are mesoporous and suitable for use in various applications such as medicine, spintronics, optoelectronics, dosimeters, photocatalysis, semiconductors, and ultraviolet and blue lasers. Importantly, these NPs have the potential to be used as a drug delivery system and in the creation of new nanostructures that do not contain noble metals. The book will be useful for the researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in drug delivery or cancer therapy.
A challenging task, in the area of magnetic resonance imaging is to develop contrast enhancers with built-in antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the onset and progression of several serious conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and the possibility to use cerium-contained nanoparticles to modulate such inflammatory response has gained a lot of interest lately. The rare earth element gadolinium is, due to its seven unpaired f-electrons and high symmetry of the electronic state, a powerful element for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. Chelates based on gadolinium are the most commonly used contrast agents worldwide. When introducing external contrast agents there is always a risk that it may trigger inflammatory responses, why there is an urgent need for new, tailor-made contrast agents. Small sized cerium oxide nanoparticles have electronic structures that allows coexistence of oxidation states 3+ and 4+ of cerium, which correlates to applicable redox reactions in biomedicine. Such cerium oxide nanoparticles have recently shown to exhibit antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo, via the mechanisms involving enzyme mimicking activity. This PhD project is a comprehensive investigation of cerium oxide nanoparticles as scaffold materials for gadolinium integration. Gadolinium is well adopted into the crystal structure of cerium oxide, enabling the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic properties into a single nanoparticle. The main focus of this thesis project is to design cerium oxide nanoparticles with gadolinium integration. A stepwise approach was employed as follows: 1) synthesis with controlled integration of gadolinium, 2) material characterization by means of composition crystal structure, size, and size distribution and 3) surface modification for stabilization. The obtained nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antioxidant capability in vitro and in vivo. They deliver strongly enhanced contrast per gadolinium in magnetic resonance imaging, compared to commercially available contrast agents. A soft shell of dextran is introduced to encapsulate the cerium oxide nanoparticles with integrated gadolinium, which protects and stabilizes the hard core and to increases their biocompatibility. The dextran-coating is clearly shown to reduce formation of a protein corona and it improves the dispersibility of the nanoparticles in cell media. Functionalization strategies are currently being studied to endow these nanoparticles with specific tags for targeting purposes. This will enable guidance of the nanoparticles to a specific tissue, for high local magnetic resonance contrast complemented with properties for on-site reduced inflammation. In conclusion, our cerium oxide nanoparticles with integrated gadolinium, exhibit combined therapeutic and diagnostic, i.e. theragnostic capabilities. This type of nanomaterial is highly promising for applications in the field of biomedical imaging.
Cerium is one of the most important lanthanide elements based on its characteristics and wide range of related applications. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and mostly can be found in either +3 or +4 ionisation states. It can be considered one of the rare earth elements with relatively low toxicity and a lot of biological applications depending on its redox (reduction-oxidation) process between the +3/+4 ionisation states and oxygen storage capability. This book focuses on the cerium compounds such as oxides and silicides, with detailed studies about its structures, characterisations and related applications. Chapter One mainly presents some optical characteristics of stoichiometric ceria nanoparticles whether undoped or doped with some other lanthanide elements. Then, some applications of ceria nanoparticles, such as optical nanosensors and solar cell coaters, are discussed based on optical characteristics of CeO2-x. Chapter Two studies the catalytic activity of cerium dioxide (CeO2) included within nanophase (nanocomposite) metal-oxide systems such as Al2O3/cordierite carriers and prototypes of anode materials for SOFCs (based on stabilised zirconia), within different processes of environmental catalysis. CeO2 increases stability of the Ni-Al2O3 catalysts by suppressing surface carbonisation and enhancing resistance to poisoning by sulphur compounds. Cerium dioxide as a modifying additive within the ZnOCuOCeO2/Al2O3/cordierite catalysts is shown to stabilise their operation in the decomposition of methanol by suppressing surface carbonisation, thereby facilitating hydrogen formation as the target product. In Chapter Three, another cerium-dependent compound cerium silicide (CeSix) and its nanowires were investigated over a broad range of different cerium monolayers on Si(110)-16×2 surfaces via scanning, tunnelling, microscopy and spectroscopy. The growth progress of the CeSix nanowires undergoes a coverage-dependent metal-insulator-metal electronic transition, which has never been found in other rare-earth silicide nanowires. Moreover, the insulating CeSix nanowires have been structurally and electronically studied, without lattice distortions with large Coulomb repulsion energy between the filled and empty surface bands. Thus, the insulating phase of atomically precise CeSix nanowires is an electronically driven phase because of its temperature and structure independence. Chapter Four is mainly concerned with some biological applications of ceria nanostructures through the treatment of diseases characterised by increased oxidative stress levels. This chapter offers a study of consumption and occupational exposures, and consequently its toxicology properties are discussed due to the recent applications of nanoceria as a high priority material for toxicological evaluations.
This book focuses on the chemical structure and applications of CeO2. It covers the recent developments in a wide range of CeO2 applications, particularly catalysis corrosion protection, fuel cells, sensors, and UV-blocking. It also provides a concise but thorough coverage of the chemical structure and applications of CeO2. Thus, this book provides an overview of chemical structure, applications, and recent attributes of CeO2 for a broad audience, including beginners, graduate students, and specialists in both academic and industrial sectors.
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