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There has been a significant surge of interest in the study of the physiology and biochemistry of plant host-parasite interactions in recent years, as evidenced by the number of research papers currently being published on the subject. The in creased interest is probably based on the evidence that effective management of many plant diseases is, for the most part, contingent upon a clear understanding of the nature of host-parasite interactions. This intensified research effort calls for a greater number of books, such as this one, designed to compile, synthesize, and evaluate widely scattered pieces of information on this subject. The study of host-parasite interactions concerns the struggle between plants and pathogens, which has been incessant throughout their coevolution. Such in teractions are often highly complex. Pathogens have developed sophisticated of fensive systems to parasitize plants, while plants have evolved diversified defen sive strategies to ward off potential pathogens. In certain cases, the outcome of a specific host-parasite interaction seems to depend upon the presence or efficacy of the plant's defense system. A plant may become diseased when a parasite manages to invade it, unhindered by preexisting defense systems and/or without eliciting the plant's induced resistance response(s). Absence of disease may re flect the inability of the invading pathogen to overcome the plant's defense sys tem(s).
This book describes the genetics, biochemistry, and epidemiology of host-pathogen interactions in plant disease, especially as they concern the breeding of crops for disease resistance. It analyzes a wealth of information that has not previously been recorded in other books or reviews. Some of it stems from basic surveys of disease in the field. The analysis of these surveys not only explains a great deal about host-pathogen interactions that was heretofore obscure, but also indicates directions for future research. Other data, from original papers, have now been coordinated for the first time and organized in a way that suggests new areas of research. The book contains more than fifty new tables that integrate data and relate them to general principles of host-pathogen interactions.For plant pathologists and plant breeders concerned with the control of plant disease, the book shows how to manipulate the host and, indirectly, the pathogen in order to control disease. It analyzes records of resistance against disease that time has shown to be stable in an effort to determine what has kept this resistance stable. It also analyzes the structure of virulence in populations of a pathogen, and demonstrates how virulence can be deliberately restricted. The author updates information on the gene-for-gene hypothesis and discusses the numerical and biological implications of the hypothesis. He analyzes the structure of epidemics based on three fundamental variables: the initial inoculum, the progeny/parent ratio of the pathogen, and the latent period. The author concentrates on the progeny/parent ratio - a subject not hitherto probed in detail in the literature - and shows how to determine the type of epidemic that can occur.
Interdependence between species is a law of nature. The degree of this interdependence is vividly evident in the plant-microbial world. Indeed, there is no axenic plant in nature and one finds various forms of interac tions between these two kingdoms ranging from completely innocuous to obligate parasitic. Most of these interactions are poorly understood at the molecular and physiological levels. Only those few cases for which a molecular picture is emerging are discussed in this volume. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology and the realization that some of these interactions are very beneficial to the host plant, a spate of activity to understand and manipulate these processes is occurring. Microbes interact with plants for nutrition. In spite of the large number of plant-microbe interactions, those microbes that cause harm to the plants (i. e. , cause disease) are very few. It is thus obvious that plants have evolved various defense mechanisms to deal with the microbial world. The mecha nisms for protection are highly diverse and poorly understood. Some pathogens have developed very sophisticated mechanisms to parasitize plants, an excellent example for this being crown gall caused by a soil bac terium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A remarkable ingenuity is exhibited by this bacterium to manipulate its host to provide nitrogenous compounds which only this bacterium can catabolize. This is carried out by a direct gene transfer mechanism from bacteria to plants.
Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests examines environmentally safe and integrated techniques for effective pest management. Offering more than 1500 references for further exploration of the topic, this reference details the bioactivity, biosynthetic pathways, mechanisms of action, and genetic regulation for improved methods of crop protection a
This book takes a broad look at the current status of research on receptors in higher and lower plants. It starts with a discussion of some hormone receptors (auxins, ethylene and gibberellin) in higher plants, and then considers the role of cyclic AMP and its receptors in the slime mould Dictyostelium.
Plant diseases are destructive and threaten virtually any crop grown on a commercial scale. They are kept in check by plant breeding strategies that have introgressed disease resistance genes into many important crops, and by the deployment of costly control measures, such as antibiotics and fungicides. However, the capacity for the agents of plant disease - viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes - to adapt to new conditions, overcoming disease resistance and becoming resistant to pesticides, is very great. For these reasons, understanding the biology of plant diseases is essential for the development of durable control strategies. Plant-Pathogen Interactions provides and overview of our current knowledge of plant-pathogen interactions and the establishment of plant disease, drawing together fundamental new information on plant infection mechanisms and host responses. The role of molecular signals, gene regulation, and the physiology of pathogenic organisms are emphasized, but the role of the prevailing environment in the conditioning of disease is also discussed. Emphasizing the broader understanding that has emerged from the use of molecular genetics and genomics, Plant-Pathogen Interactions highlights those interactions that have been most widely studied and those in which genome information has provided a new level of understanding.
The chapters of this book, which was originally published in 1986, give a broad perspective on the relationship between water, fungi and plants.
These proceedings present the most up-to-date information on the interrelations between microorganisms and plants in the rhizosphere, and the possibility of utilizing these relationships to improve plant growth, health and yields. The application of some biological preparations may in the future partially replace the use of agrochemicals and thus contribute to environmental improvement and enhancement of the quality of soil, water and foodstuffs.The Symposium brought together specialists from fifteen countries to assess the advances in a field which has recently attracted considerable interest and is also important for society at large. The book contains over sixty contributions from rhizosphere microbiologists, focusing on the study of the function of microorganisms in the root system of crop plants and in its immediate vicinity, the effect of the plants themselves on this function, the interrelationships among different microorganisms in the rhizosphere and the elucidation of the mechanisms of microbial action in the agroecosystem. All these lines of research are intimately associated with the problems of soil fertility and crop yields, which in turn have a direct bearing on the nutrition of mankind and on environmental protection. The papers have been divided into four topics: symbiotic microorganisms in the root system; associative microorganisms in the root system; soil-borne phytopathogenic and phytotoxic microorganisms; and microbial preparations stimulating growth and improving the plant health. Each section starts with invited lectures from outstanding specialists. The work includes numerous tables, figures and references.The volume is primarily directed at soil microbiologists, plant pathologists and physiologists, ecologists as well as specialists in agronomy and environmental protection.
The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume 3: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function is a compilation of contributions dealing with studies in the area of plant carbohydrates. The articles in this volume are grouped into three sections. The first section deals with topics concerning the monosaccharides and their derivatives found in plants. The integration and control of vital pathways concerned with hexose phosphate metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis; the metabolism of monosaccharide derivatives; and the formation of sugar nucleotides and their various transformations to the many novel sugar derivatives normally found in plant cell walls and complex carbohydrates are discussed in this section. The second part deals with the occurrence, biosynthesis, and transport of disaccharides and oligosaccharides. The final section of the volume is concerned with the occurrence, structure, and biosynthesis of simple and complex polysaccharides and glycoconjugates associated with cell walls and membranes. Biochemists and botanists will find the book a great reference material.