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This book develops the Sustainable Governance Approach and the principles of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). It provides practical examples of successes and failures in implementation, and lessons about the economics and governance of wild resources with global application. CBNRM emerged in the 1980s, encouraging greater local participation to conserve and manage natural and wild resources in the face of increasing encroachment by agricultural and other forms of land use development. This book describes the institutional history of wildlife and the empirical transformation of the wildlife sector on private and communal land, particularly in southern Africa, to develop an alternative paradigm for governing wild resources. With the twin goals of addressing poverty and resource degradation in the world’s extensive agriculturally marginal areas, the author conceptualises this paradigm as the Sustainable Governance Approach, which integrates theories of proprietorship and rights, prices and economics, governance and scale, and adaptive learning. The author then discusses and defines CBNRM, a major subset of this approach. Interweaving theory and practice, he shows that the primary challenges facing CBNRM are the devolution of rights from the centre to marginal communities and the governance of these rights by communities, a challenge which is seldom recognised or addressed. He focuses on this shortcoming, extending and operationalising institutional theory, including Ostrom’s principles of collective action, within the context of cross-scale governance. Based on the author’s extensive experience this book will be key reading for students of natural resource management, sustainable land use, community forestry, conservation, and development. Providing practical but theoretically robust tools for implementing CBNRM it will also appeal to professionals and practitioners working in communities and in conservation and development.
This book illustrates an alternative approach to ‘state of sustainability’ reporting by presenting cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary discussions on sustainability issues in the context of a developing country, Botswana. The book volume illustrates how academic publishing can supplement African governments' existing forms of reporting on sustainability by providing on-ground detailed descriptions and experiences relating to achievement of the various sustainable development goals (SDGs). In addition, this process involves, increases and enhances diversity of stakeholders that report on sustainability. Furthermore, the approach resonates with the UN’s recommendation to build local strategies for implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Conventional reporting on sustainability by most African countries is an exercise that is customarily the preserve of designated government ministries. While this form of reporting provides a consistent platform for tracking sustainable development goals, it can also benefit from juxtaposition with in-depth descriptions and experiences provided by academic publishing. Academia, through publishing, provides a framework for on-ground situation-analysis as well as in-depth descriptions of African country’s grass-root experiences, thus allowing for temporal tracking of sustainable development milestones. As this volume illustrates, experiences from the various contributors on this volume highlight different points of departure towards achieving the 2030 agenda. Topics covered include biodiversity, water management, world heritage, environment, education, tourism, gender, institutional approaches to achievement of SDGs, as well as contribution of non-governmental organisations (NGO)'s amongst others.
Indigenous peoples in international law --Historical overview --"Indigenous peoples" : term, concepts, and definitions --Differentiation from the term "Minority" --Special indigenous rights or special circumstances? : indigenous protection standards, rights of freedom, and self-determination --Sources of law --Binding norms --ILO convention 169 --UN convention on biological diversity --"Soft law" instruments --Agenda 21, chapter 26 (1992) --UN declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples --Declarations and policies of various international bodies --Indigenous rights as part of customary international law --"Sources of Life" : lands and natural resources --Material standards of protection --Cause of action --The relationship between indigenous peoples and their territories --Collective land rights --Scope of indigenous territories --Restriction of alienation and disposal --Universal human rights treaties --Right of ownership --Right to culture --Right to private and family life --Jurisdiction of international monitoring bodies --Human rights committee --Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination --Sources of freedom and equality : self-determination --"Being indigenous in Africa" : legal developments of indigenous peoples law in Africa --Historical overview --Nature conservation v. human rights protection --African initiatives for the protection of indigenous rights --"Indigenous peoples in Africa" : applying the concept --Indigenous rights in the African context --Regional indigenous rights --The African charter on human and peoples' rights --The African commission on human and peoples' rights --The African court on human and peoples' rights --National indigenous rights --Selected constitutional guarantees --Jurisdiction using the example of South Africa --The case of the ... Khomani San --Richtersveld case --Excursus : "Aboriginal title" --"Aboriginal title" before the South African constitutional --Court --"Hoodia Gordonii" case --Legal perspectives of San Communities --Terminology : San, "Bushmen", Basarwa, Khoesan, N/oakwe or Kwe? --Historical overview until the end of colonial times --Regional historical differences --Botswana --Namibia --South Africa --The "Northern San" --Refiections on indigenous legal perspectives and world views --Botswana : state and society --Sociopolitical history --Pre-colonial phase --Protectorate bechuanaland --Republic of botswana --Sources of law and legal pluralism --Constitutional law --Customary law --Common and statutory law --International law --Fundamental and human rights --San in Botswana --San as citizens : Basarwa and/or Batswana? --Dominant views of the San in Botswana --Development policies --Remote area development programme --Community based natural resource management --Development : nature conservation : a contradiction? --NGO initiatives --National San NGOs --Regional San NGOs --"The lost lands" : relocation from the central Kalahari game reserve --History of the central Kalahari game reserve --The relocation of the G wi and Gana (San) --The legal dispute over the (temporarily?) "Lost lands" --Roy Sesana v. government of Botswana --Termination of basic and essential services --Restoration of basic and essential services --Lawful occupation --Deprivation of land possession --Special game licences --Access to the central Kalahari game reserve (CKGR) --Conclusions --Consequences of the high Court's decision : summary --The legal dispute over access to water --Matsipane Mosetlhanyane, Gakenyatsiwe Matsipane & further applicants v. Attorney general of Botswana --Matsipane Mosetlhanyane & Gakenyatsiwe Matsipane v. Attorney General of Botswana, court of appeal --Consequences of the courts' decisions : summary --Conclusion --The return of the outlaws : an Epilogue by Werner zips --Appendix --Examples of indigenous peoples in Africa (not exhaustive!) --Abbreviations --Bibliography --(Selected) legal texts --International instruments --National laws, regulations and policies --Court cases --Interviews --Index of figures --Index --About the authors.
This book presents an overview of different institutional arrangements for tourism, biodiversity conservation and rural poverty reduction in eastern and southern Africa. These approaches range from conservancies in Namibia, community-based organizations in Botswana, conservation enterprises in Kenya, private game reserves in South Africa, to sport hunting in Uganda and transfrontier conservation areas. The book presents a comparative analysis of these arrangements and highlights that most arrangements emerged in the 1990s through either a decentralized or centralized change trajectory that was sponsored by donors. They aim to address some of the challenges of the ‘fortress’ types of conservation by combining principles of community-based natural resource management with a neoliberal approach to conservation, evident in the use of tourism as the main mechanism for accruing benefits from wildlife. The book illustrates the empirical relevance of these novel arrangements by presenting their growth in numbers and discuss how these arrangements differ in their form. With respect to the conservation and development impacts of these arrangements, we show that they have secured large amounts of land for conservation, but also generated governance challenges and disputes on tourism benefit sharing, affecting the stability of these arrangements to generate socioeconomic and conservation benefits.