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Europe has known very different systems of company laws for a long time. These differences do not only pertain to the board structures of public companies, where single-tier and two-tier structures can be distinguished, they also pertain to the principles of fixed legal capital. Fixed legal capital is not a traditional ingredient of English and Irish company law and had to be incorpo-rated into these legal systems (only) for public limited companies according to the Second European Company Law Directive of 1976. Both jurisdictions have never really embraced these rules. Against this background, the British Accounting Standards Board (ASB) and the Company Law Centre at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) have initiated and supported a study of the benefits of this legal system by a group of experts led by Jonathan Rickford. The report of this group has been published in 2004. Its result was that legal capital was costly and superfluous; hence, the Second Directive should be repealed. The British government has adopted this view and wants the European Commission to act accordingly. Against this background a group of German and European company law experts, academics as well as practitioners, have come together to scrutinise sense and benefits of fixed legal capital and all its specific elements guided by the following questions: What is the relevant legal concept supposed to achieve? What does it achieve in reality? What criticisms are there? Which proposals or alternatives are available? From the outset the group of experts has endeavoured to cooperate with foreign colleagues, which resulted in very fruitful and pleasant exchanges. This volume contains, besides an executive summary of the results, 16 essays on specific aspects of legal capital in Germany covering also neighbouring fields of law (e.g. accounting, insolvency);7 reports on fixed legal capital in other jurisdictions (France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the U.S.A.) addressing the same questions as the essays on German law. The British initiative disapproves of the Second Directive. The Directive does only deal with public limited companies in Europe, which is reflected in the analysis presented here. It is only concerned with the fixed legal capital of public limited companies, not with capital issues of private companies. The study has arrived at a result that differs completely from that of the Rickford group. It verifies the usefulness of the concept of fixed legal capital and wishes to convince the European Commission of the benefits of the Second Company Law Directive.
An overview of the Capital Directive and its implementation in the European Union and the European Economic Area.
Apart from MiFID, the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) may be the most important European asset management regulation of the early twenty-first century. In this in-depth analytical and critical discussion of the content and system of the directive, thirty-eight contributing authors – academics, lawyers, consultants, fund supervisors, and fund industry experts – examine the AIFMD from every angle. They cover structure, regulatory history, scope, appointment and authorization of the manager, the requirements for depositaries and prime brokers, rules on delegation, reporting requirements, transitional provisions, and the objectives stipulated in the recitals and other official documents. The challenging implications and contexts they examine include the following: – connection with systemic risk and the financial crisis; - nexus with insurance for negligent conduct; - connection with corporate governance doctrine; - risk management; - transparency; - the cross-border dimension; - liability for lost assets; - impact on alternative investment strategies, and - the nexus with the European Regulation on Long-Term Investment Funds (ELTIFR). Nine country reports, representing most of Europe’s financial centres and fund markets add a national perspective to the discussion of the European regulation. These chapters deal with the potential interactions among the AIFMD and the relevant laws and regulations of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Malta and the United Kingdom. The second edition of the book continues to deliver not only the much-needed discussion of the inconsistencies and difficulties when applying the directive, but also provides guidance and potential solutions to the problems it raises. The second edition considers all new developments in the field of alternative investment funds, their managers, depositaries, and prime brokers, including, but not limited to, statements by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and national competent authorities on the interpretation of the AIFMD, as well as new European regulation, in particular the PRIIPS Regulation, the ELTIF Regulation, the Regulation on European Venture Capital Funds (EuVeCaR), the Regulation on European Social Entrepreneurship Funds (EUSEFR), MiFID II, and UCITS V. The book will be warmly welcomed by investors and their counsel, fund managers, depositaries, asset managers, administrators, as well as regulators and academics in the field.
Enabling power: European Communities Act 1972, s. 2 (2) & European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, s. 8 (1), sch. 7, para. 21. Issued: 19.11.2018. Sifted: -. Made: -. Laid: -. Coming into force: In accord. with reg. 1. Effect: S.I. 2008/346; 2013/3115, 3118; 2014/894 amended. Territorial extent & classification: E/W/S/NI. EC note: Regulation (EU) no. 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions & investment firms and amending Regulatino (EU) no. 648/2012; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 supplementing Regulation (EU) no. 575/2013 with regard to liquidity coverage requement for credit institutions; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 1222/2014 supplementing Directive 2013/36/EU with regard to regulatory technical standards for the specification of the methodology for the identificaiton of glable systemically important institutions and for the defintion of subcategories of global systemically important institutions amended. For approval by resolution of each House of Parliament
Concerns about excessive variability in bank risk weights have prompted their review by regulators. This paper provides prima facie evidence on the extent of risk weight heterogeneity across broad asset classes and by country of counterparty for major banks in the European Union using internal models. It also finds that corporate risk weights are sensitive to the riskiness of an average representative firm, but not to a market indicator of a firm’s probablity of default. Under plausible yet severe hypothetical scenarios for harmonized risk weights, counterfactual capital ratios would decline significantly for some banks, but they would not experience a shortfall relative to Basel III’s minimum requirements. This, however, does not preclude falling short of meeting additional national supervisory capital requirements.
PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS 1: Introduction, Danny Busch and Guido Ferrarini PART II: INVESTMENT FIRMS AND INVESTMENT SERVICES 2: The Scope of MiFID II, Kitty Lieverse 3: Governance of Investment Firms under MiFID II, Jens-Hinrich Binder 4: The Overarching Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II, Luca Enriques and Matteo Gargantini 5: Product Governance and Product Intervention, Danny Busch 6: Independent Financial Advice, Paolo Giudici 7: Conflicts of Interest, Stefan Grundmann and Philipp Hacker 8: Inducements, Larissa Silverentand, Jasha Sprecher, and Lisette Simons 9: Agency and Principal Dealing Under MiFID, Danny Busch 10: MiFID II/MiFIR's Regime for Third-Country Firms, Danny Busch & Marije Louisse PART III: TRADING 11: TGovernance and Organization of Trading Venues: The Role of Financial Market Infrastructures Groups, Guido Ferrarini & Paolo Saguato 12: EU Financial Governance and Transparency Regulation: A Test for the Effectiveness of Post-Crisis Administrative Governance, Niamh Moloney 13: SME Growth Markets, Carmine di Noia & Rudiger Veil 14: Dark Trading Under MiFID II, Peter Gomber & Ilya Gvozdevskiy 15: Derivatives: Trading, Clearing, STP, Indirect Clearing, and Portfolio Compression, Rezah Stegeman & Aron Berket 16: Commodity Derivatives, Antonella Sciarrone Alibrandi & Edoardo Grossule 17: Algorithmic Trading and High Frequency Trading, Pierre-Henri Conac 18: An American perspective, Merritt Fox PART IV: SUPERVISION AND ENFORCEMENT 19: Public Enforcement of MiFID II, Christos Gortsos 20: The Private Law Effect of MiFID: the Genil Case and Beyond, Danny Busch PART V: THE BROADER VIEW AND THE FUTURE OF MIFID 21: MiFID II: Picking up the Crumbs of a Piecemeal Approach, Veerle Colaert 22: Shadow Banking and the Functioning of Financial Markets, Eddy Wymeersch 23: Investment-based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II enough?, Guido Ferrarini & Eugenia Macchiavello.
Europe’s banking system is weighed down by high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs), which are holding down credit growth and economic activity. This discussion note uses a new survey of European country authorities and banks to examine the structural obstacles that discourage banks from addressing their problem loans. A three pillared strategy is advocated to remedy the situation, comprising: (i) tightened supervisory policies, (ii) insolvency reforms, and (iii) the development of distressed debt markets.
This book explores the profound transformation that has taken place in European insurance legislation since January 2016. Expert contributions discuss the changes that have taken place in the supervision of insurance and reinsurance undertakings through an economic risk-based approach. They outline the European insurance market before going on to show how Solvency II and Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD) are expected to generate significant benefits and have a positive impact on all parties involved in the insurance industry, the supervisory authorities and the insured. They also show how Solvency II is likely to benefit the economy as a whole, promoting more efficient allocation of capital and risk in a financial stability framework. This volume will be of interest to academics and researchers in the field of insurance regulation.