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The field of material analysis has seen explosive growth during the past decades. Almost all the textbooks on materials analysis have a section devoted to the Fourier transform theory. For this reason, the book focuses on the material analysis based on Fourier transform theory. The book chapters are related to FTIR and the other methods used for analyzing different types of materials. It is hoped that this book will provide the background, reference and incentive to encourage further research and results in this area as well as provide tools for practical applications. It provides an applications-oriented approach to materials analysis written primarily for physicist, Chemists, Agriculturalists, Electrical Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Signal Processing Engineers, and the Academic Researchers and for the Graduate Students who will also find it useful as a reference for their research activities.
This book is devoted to different sides of Electromotive Force theory and its applications in Engineering science and Industry. The covered topics include the Quantum Theory of Thermoelectric Power (Seebeck Coefficient), Electromotive forces in solar energy and photocatalysis (photo electromotive forces), Electromotive Force in Electrochemical Modification of Mudstone, The EMF method with solid-state electrolyte in the thermodynamic investigation of ternary copper and silver chalcogenides, Electromotive Force Measurements and Thermodynamic Modelling of Electrolyte in Mixed Solvents, Application of Electromotive Force Measurement in Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys, Electromotive Force Measurements in High-Temperature Systems and finally, Resonance Analysis of Induced EMF on Coils.
The purpose of this book is to encourage the use of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to describe transport in complex, heterogeneous media. With large coupling effects between the transport of heat, mass, charge and chemical reactions at surfaces, it is important to know how one should properly integrate across systems where different phases are in contact. No other book gives a prescription of how to set up flux equations for transports across heterogeneous systems. The authors apply the thermodynamic description in terms of excess densities, developed by Gibbs for equilibrium, to non-equilibrium systems. The treatment is restricted to transport into and through the surface. Using local equilibrium together with the balance equations for the surface, expressions for the excess entropy production of the surface and of the contact line are derived. Many examples are given to illustrate how the theory can be applied to coupled transport of mass, heat, charge and chemical reactions; in phase transitions, at electrode surfaces and in fuel cells. Molecular simulations and analytical studies are used to add insight. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Scope (169 KB). Contents: General Theory: The Entropy Production for a Homogeneous Phase: The Excess Entropy Production for the Surface; Flux Equations and Onsager Relations; Transport of Heat and Mass; Transport of Mass and Charge; Applications: Evaporation and Condensation; A Nonisothermal Concentration Cell; Adiabatic Electrode Reactions; The Formation Cell; Modeling the Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell; The Impedance of an Electrode Surface; The Non-Equilibrium Two-Phase van der Waals Model; and other chapters. Readership: Graduate students, researchers, lecturers and professionals in physics, nanoscience and surface science.
This book utilizes non-equilibrium thermodynamics to describe transport in complex, heterogeneous media. There are large coupling effects between transport of heat, mass, charge and chemical reactions at surfaces, and it is important to know how one should properly integrate across systems where different phases are in contact. There is no other book available today that gives a prescription of how to set up flux equations for transports across heterogeneous systems.
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Entropy
Managing safety of diverse systems requires decision-making under uncertainties and risks. Such systems are typically characterized by spatio-temporal heterogeneities, inter-dependencies, externalities, endogenous risks, discontinuities, irreversibility, practically irreducible uncertainties, and rare events with catastrophic consequences. Traditional scientific approaches rely on data from real observations and experiments; yet no sufficient observations exist for new problems, and experiments are usually impossible. Therefore, science-based support for addressing such new class of problems needs to replace the traditional “deterministic predictions” analysis by new methods and tools for designing decisions that are robust against the involved uncertainties and risks. The new methods treat uncertainties explicitly by using “synthetic” information derived by integration of “hard” elements, including available data, results of possible experiments, and formal representations of scientific facts, with “soft” elements based on diverse representations of scenarios and opinions of public, stakeholders, and experts. The volume presents such effective new methods, and illustrates their applications in different problem areas, including engineering, economy, finance, agriculture, environment, and policy making.