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The weathering of historical buildings and, indeed, of monuments and sculptures of natural stone is a problem that has been encountered for hundreds of years. However, a dramatic increase in deterioration in the structure of our built heritage has been observed during the past century. To understand the complex interaction that the stone in a building suffers with its near environment (the building) and the macro environment (the local climate and atmospheric conditions) requires an interdisciplinary approach and the application of many disciplines. Climate change over the next 100 years is likely to have a range of direct and indirect impacts on many natural and physical environments, including the built environment. The protection of our architectural heritage has both cultural and historical importance, as well as substantial economic and ecological value. Large sums of money are being spent world-wide on measures for the preservation of monuments and historical buildings. The past few decades has seen an unprecedented level of research activity in this area, the results of which are often difficult to access and are summarized in the new edition of STONE IN ARCHITECTURE.
Marble Mining: Unearthing the Beauty of Nature Introduction to Marble What is Marble? The Geological Formation of Marble Marble Deposits Around the World Major Marble Producing Countries Marble Quarrying Process Selecting the Quarry Site Drilling and Blasting Extracting the Marble Blocks Transport and Storage of Marble Blocks Processing Marble into Usable Forms Cutting and Shaping Marble Polishing and Finishing Marble Marble Tile Production Marble Slab Manufacturing Marble Sculpture and Carving Architectural Applications of Marble Marble in Construction Marble in Interior Design Marble in Monuments and Memorials The History of Marble Usage Ancient Marble Structures Marble in the Renaissance Period Marble in Modern Architecture Environmental Considerations in Marble Mining Sustainability in Marble Quarrying Waste Management in Marble Production Preserving Marble Quarry Ecosystems Advances in Marble Mining Technology Automated Quarrying Equipment Innovations in Marble Processing Marble Recycling and Repurposing The Global Marble Market Marble Trade and Export Marble Pricing and Trends Marble Industry Challenges Health and Safety in Marble Mining Worker Protection Measures Dust Mitigation Techniques Marble Mining and Local Communities Community Engagement Strategies Marble Mining's Economic Impact Conclusion: The Future of Marble Mining
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Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology, second edition, presents the essentials of both disciplines through an approach accessible to industry professionals, academic researchers, and students alike. This new edition emphasizes the relationship between rocks and minerals, right from the structures created during rock formation through the economics of mineral deposits. While petrology is classified on the lines of geological evolution and rock formation, mineralogy speaks to the physical and chemical properties, uses, and global occurrences for each mineral, emphasizing the need for the growth of human development. The primary goal is for the reader to identify minerals in all respects, including host-rocks, and mineral deposits, with additional knowledge of mineral-exploration, resource, extraction, process, and ultimate use. To help provide a comprehensive analysis across ethical and socio-economic dimensions, a separate chapter describes the hazards associated with minerals, rocks, and mineral industries, and the consequences to humanity along with remedies and case studies. New to the second edition: includes coverage of minerals and petrology in extra-terrestrial environments as well as case studies on the hazards of the mining industry. Addresses the full scope of core concepts of mineralogy and petrology, including crystal structure, formation and grouping of minerals and soils, definition, origin, structure and classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Features more than 250 figures, illustrations and color photographs to vividly explore the fundamental principles of mineralogy and petrology Offers a holistic approach to both subjects, beginning with the formation of geologic structures that is followed by the hosting of mineral deposits and the exploration and extraction of lucrative, usable products that improve the health of global economies Includes new content on minerals and petrology in extraterrestrial environments and case studies on hazards in the mining industry
I. G OLOGY OF CALCIUM CARBO ATE 1 by Jacques Geyssant 1. Features and characteristics of calcium carbonate 2 1. 1 Calcium carbonate - a special compound 2 1. 2 The crystal forms of calcium carbonate - mineralogy 9 2. The limestones - development and classification 15 2. 1 Sedimentation 16 2. 2 Diagenesis - from sediment to rock 23 2. 3 Classification of the limestones 24 2. 4 Metamorphism - from limestone to marble 26 2. 5 Carbonatites - extraordinary limestones 29 3. Limestone deposits 31 3. 1 Recognition of limestones 31 3. 2 Distribution on the Earth's surface 33 3. 3 Limestone deposits in the geological ages 36 3. 4 CaC0 cycle 42 3 3. 5 Industrially exploitable CaC0 deposits 3 44 53 II. TH C LT RAt HI TORY F LIME TONE by Johannes Rohleder 1. The history of chalk 55 2. Marble and limestone 69 2. 1 Quarrying stones 70 2. 2 Transport, organisation and trade 80 2. 3 The uses 97 137 III. CALCI M CARBOl\ATE - A MODER RESOURCE 1. The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber 138 by Johannes Rohleder 1. 1 A chalk industry is born 139 1. 2 Rubber and glazing putty 142 1. 3 From chalk to calcium carbonate 156 2. Calcium carbonate - pigment and filler 160 by Eberhard Huwald 2. 1 Properties and effects of a filler 164 2. 2 Chalk, limestone, marble, pec - common features and differences 165 2. 2.
Unearth a treasure trove of knowledge and discover the spectacular array of rocks and minerals on Earth! Learn how to identify more than 500 rocks and minerals of the world through stunning photographs, detailed characteristics, and quick, accessible text. Inside the pages of this comprehensive book about rocks and minerals, you’ll discover: • A clear visual key distinguishing different rocks and minerals to make identification easy and accurate • Entries that include at-a-glance technical details, for quick reference • Stunning photographs that show close-ups of key details and unique attributes • Highlights of the key features of minerals: chemical group and composition, hardness, specific gravity, crystal cleavage, and fracture • Highlights of the key features of rocks: group, origin, pressure and temperature, grain size and shape, classification, and fossils All you ever wanted to know about rocks and minerals - and then some From igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks to sparkling minerals, SI Handbooks: Rocks & Minerals leaves no stone unturned. Over 600 high-quality photographs highlight over 500 rock or mineral's distinguishing features. Explore concise details about each rock or mineral's texture, origin, formation, and chemical composition to help you with accurate identification. Discover a mine of information at your disposal! Designed for beginners and experienced collectors alike, this mineralogy book explains what rocks and minerals are, how they are classified, and what equipment is needed for specimen collection. It’s the ultimate gift for rock collectors - both beginners and enthusiasts, or anyone studying geology and earth sciences. Don’t stop exploring! Before you go, there are many more SI Handbooks to explore! Discover the cleanest-cut photographic field guide to over 130 gemstones from around the world in SI Handbooks: Gemstones. Learn all about dinosaurs and prehistoric animals and the world they inhabited millions of years ago in SI Handbooks: Dinosaurs.