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Many of the important developments in the joining of columbium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and graphite are summarized. Much of the subject matter is devoted to the brazing processes, but diffusion and solid-state bonding are covered also. The particular properties which recommend the refractory metals and graphite to aerospace applications are discussed. Adverse properties which limit the use of these materials or which must be overcome by using special precautions also are mentioned. Typical filler metals used to join the refractory materials for low- as well as high-temperature service conditions are covered. The information was gathered from the current literature on joining and from the open DMIC files.
A review of machining damage effects in beryllium was made. Surface damage is caused by twinning and microcracking as a result of various machining operations. Twinning is a result of surface working while microcracks initiate at intersections of twins and grain boundaries, at twin-matrix interfaces, at impurity particles, and in heavily twinned regions. These phenomena may be due to residual stresses in wrought products as well as machining parameters such as tool type, feed, and speed and depth of cut. The loss of mechanical properties due to machining damage is reviewed. Also presented is a study of surface damage actually encountered with machining of the shingles for the Gemini spacecraft.
The memorandum summarizes current knowledge concerning the machining of titanium alloys. The memorandum deals with the following conventional machining operations: milling, face milling, peripheral milling, turning, boring, drilling, tapping, and grinding. The last section of the memorandum deals with chemical milling operations.