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Like many other countries, Kazakhstan’s economic growth has slowed since the 2007†“09 global financial crisis. Although the slowdown reflected weaknesses in expanding labor and capital, the most striking reduction has been in productivity growth. In more recent years, total factor productivity growth has started to bounce back, albeit at a modest pace, possibly driven by the recovery in commodity prices. Although slower expansion in productivity has been a global phenomenon, Kazakhstan’s subdued productivity performance for a decade reflects more structural problems. Against this backdrop, Boosting Productivity in Kazakhstan with Micro-Level Tools: Analysis and Policy Lessons examines barriers and policy gaps that hinder productivity growth in Kazakhstan. The detailed analysis is uniquely based on first-time access to administrative firm-level data; the data for the period of 2009†“18 covered 70,000 business establishments annually, corresponding to total employment of 1.6 million people. The unprecedented access to firm-level data deepened the understanding of the microeconomic dynamics and drivers of aggregate productivity growth and enabled identification of a wide-ranging set of policy recommendations to boost aggregate productivity growth.
In today’s modernized world, implementing technology into the infrastructures of communities has become a common custom. The idea of digital economy has proven to be an efficient, dynamic, and highly adaptable mode of performance, and regions across the globe have begun applying these digital approaches to their populated foundation. One region of the world that has recently begun using modern technologies is Eurasia. As they continue their technological transition from “theory” to “practice,” significant research is needed on the emergence of sustainability in these countries. Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the implementation of digital initiatives within Eurasian countries and their social and economic principles. While highlighting topics such as educational technologies, mobile applications, and sustainable business, this publication explores the cultural aspects and social interaction of digital applications within this region of the world. This book is ideally designed for economists, IT professionals, educators, researchers, social scientists, policymakers, academicians, and students.
This report is an assessment and strategy to help Kazakhstan enhance the competitiveness of non-energy sectors including agribusiness, fertilizers, logistics, business services and information technology.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented collapse in global economic activity and trade. The crisis has also highlighted the role played by global value chains (GVC), with countries facing shortages of components vital to everything from health systems to everyday household goods. Despite the vulnerabilities associated with increased interconnectedness, GVCs have also contributed to increasing productivity and long-term growth. We explore empirically the impact of GVC participation on productivity in Estonia using firm-level data from 2000 to 2016. We find that higher GVC participation at the industry level significantly boosts productivity at both the industry and the firm level. Frontier firms, large firms, and exporting firms also benefit more from GVC participation than non-frontier firms, small firms, and non-exporting firms. We also find that GVC participation of downstream industries has a negative correlation with productivity. Frontier firms and large firms benefit more from GVC participation of upstream industries, while non-frontier firms and small firms benefit more from GVC participation of downstream industries. Our results suggest that policies designed to promote participation in GVCs are important to raise aggregate productivity and potential growth in Estonia.
China’s growth potential has become a hotly debated topic as the economy has reached an income level susceptible to the “middle-income trap” and financial vulnerabilities are mounting after years of rapid credit expansion. However, the existing literature has largely focused on macro level aggregates, which are ill suited to understanding China’s significant structural transformation and its impact on economic growth. To fill the gap, this paper takes a deep dive into China’s convergence progress in 38 industrial sectors and 11 services sectors, examines past sectoral transitions, and predicts future shifts. We find that China’s productivity convergence remains at an early stage, with the industrial sector more advanced than services. Large variations exist among subsectors, with high-tech industrial sectors, in particular the ICT sector, lagging low-tech sectors. Going forward, ample room remains for further convergence, but the shrinking distance to the frontier, the structural shift from industry to services, and demographic changes will put sustained downward pressure on growth, which could slow to 5 percent by 2025 and 4 percent by 2030. Digitalization, SOE reform, and services sector opening up could be three major forces boosting future growth, while the risks of a financial crisis and a reversal in global integration in trade and technology could slow the pace of convergence.
Find analyses of the development of the European economy and changes to economic policies of Eastern and Western Europe. Data include output and the structure of demand, costs, prices, income, employment and unemployment, and foreign trade and payments. Chapters cover: the current economic situation in the ECE economies and the short-run outlook; the western market economies; and the transition economies. Tables and charts present data on expectations and outcomes, labor markets, costs and prices, external balances, monetary policy and monetary conditions, output and demand, macroeconomic policies, external financial development in the transition economies, and foreign trade. A statistical appendix; a list of tables, charts, and boxes; explanatory notes; source notes; and a list of abbreviations are also featured.
SMEs play an important role for economic growth and social inclusion in Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Co-operatives and SMEs, Indonesian SMEs account for nearly 97% of domestic employment and for 56% of total business investment.
This book documents frontier knowledge on the drivers of agriculture productivity to derive pragmatic policy advice for governments and development partners on reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The analysis describes global trends and long-term sources of total factor productivity growth, along with broad trends in partial factor productivity for land and labor, revisiting the question of scale economies in farming. Technology is central to growth in agricultural productivity, yet across many parts of the developing world, readily available technology is never taken up. We investigate demand-side constraints of the technology equation to analyze factors that might influence producers, particularly poor producers, to adopt modern technology. Agriculture and food systems are rapidly transforming, characterized by shifting food preferences, the rise and growing sophistication of value chains, the increasing globalization of agriculture, and the expanding role of the public and private sectors in bringing about efficient and more rapid productivity growth. In light of this transformation, the analysis focuses on the supply side of the technology equation, exploring how the enabling environment and regulations related to trade and intellectual property rights stimulate Research and Development to raise productivity. The book also discusses emerging developments in modern value chains that contribute to rising productivity. This book is the fourth volume of the World Bank Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier thinking on the measurement and determinants of productivity to global policy makers.