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This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of bitumens and their emissions, the N-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benz[a]acridine, benz[c]acridine, dibenz[a,h]acridine, dibenz[a,j]acridine, dibenz[c,h]acridine, carbazole and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, as well as the S-hetrocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and dibenzothiophene. Bitumens are produced by distillation of crude oil during petroleum refining, and also occur naturally. Bitumens can be divided into six broad classes, according to their physical properties and specifications required for different applications. The major use (about 80%) of bitumens is for road paving; other uses include roofing, waterproofing, sealing and painting. The term "bitumen" should not be confused with "asphalt", which refers to the mixture of bitumen (4-10% by weight), small stones, sand and filler used for road paving. Bitumens are complex mixtures that contain a large number of organic chemical compounds. Application of bitumens may generate emissions (fumes and vapours) that may contain, among volatile and non-volatile compounds, a number of known or probable carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of various occupations that entail exposure to bitumens and bitumen emissions, including road paving, roofing, and application of mastic asphalt, and to various heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds.
The urgent need for infrastructure rehabilitation and maintenance has led to a rise in the levels of research into bituminous materials. Breakthroughs in sustainable and environmentally friendly bituminous materials are certain to have a significant impact on national economies and energy sustainability. This book will provide a comprehensive review on recent advances in research and technological developments in bituminous materials. Opening with an introductory chapter on asphalt materials and a section on the perspective of bituminous binder specifications, Part One covers the physiochemical characterisation and analysis of asphalt materials. Part Two reviews the range of distress (damage) mechanisms in asphalt materials, with chapters covering cracking, deformation, fatigue cracking and healing of asphalt mixtures, as well as moisture damage and the multiscale oxidative aging modelling approach for asphalt concrete. The final section of this book investigates alternative asphalt materials. Chapters within this section review such aspects as alternative binders for asphalt pavements such as bio binders and RAP, paving with asphalt emulsions and aggregate grading optimization. - Provides an insight into advances and techniques for bituminous materials - Comprehensively reviews the physicochemical characteristics of bituminous materials - Investigate asphalt materials on the nano-scale, including how RAP/RAS materials can be recycled and how asphalt materials can self-heal and rejuvenator selection
This is a useful guide to all facets of asphalt technology as applied to the construction and maintenance of highways and reflects the very best of UK asphalt and pavement technology. It covers all aspects of fully flexible road construction from foundation design through to surface treatment. The book also covers new materials.
Only book world-wide addressing this topic. The principal output of the European co-operative Action on "Water Movements in Road Pavements & Embankments". Provides unique guidance on assessing water condition and its affects on road performance. Provides unique guidance on assessing and ameliorating contaminant movement in pavement groundwater. Written by leading experts in Europe.
The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.
Pavement Design And Paving Material Selection are important for efficient, cost effective, durable, and safe transportation infrastructure Paving Materials and Pavement Analysis contains 73 papers examining bound and unbound material characterization, modeling, and performance of highway and airfield pavements. The papers in this publication were presented during the GeoShanghal 2010 International Conference held in Shanghai, China, June 3-5, 2010.
This proceedings volume, with more than 30 chapters, is based on the presentations given at the National Conference on Water Resources and Hydropower (WRHP-2016) and represents the state-of-the-art in water resources in India. It includes experimental investigations, field studies, theoretical developments, numerical methods, as well as engineering achievements in water resources. The contributions are organised under four main topics: • Water Resources and Management: covers the issues related to water resources planning and management, water conservation, flood mitigation, policies and governance, conflict over rivers and planning of groundwater evolution, Assessment of Sedimentation, Surface water quality, Rainfall assessment, • Climate Change and Global Warming: includes chapters on the impact of climate on water resources and groundwater, hydrological impacts of climate change, Ground Water Contaminants, Assessment of Evaporation and evapotranspiration effects on global warming • Hydraulic Structures: presents contributions on fluvial hydraulics,flow through Weirs, Open Channel flow, river flood control, scour and erosion, dam and dowstream block failures and protection, Losses in pipes By combining these topics, the book provides a valuable resource for practitioners and researchers, including field engineers, academicians, planners, health specialists, disaster managers, decision makers and policy makers engaged in various aspects of water resources and hydropower. The WRHP-2016 was organised in association with the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttrakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited and the Indian Society for Hydraulics, Pune and was held in University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India from June 17-18, 2016.
Asphalt Surfacings has been written as a reference to the various asphalt course materials and surfacing treatments that are currently available to engineers, enabling them to select the materials and/or treatment that are appropriate for use on specific sites. Appropriate reference is made to the lower structural layers as the properties of all layers interact in producing the required pavement. The current established position in the UK and the emerging developments throughout the UK and Europe are covered. The contributors are all acknowledged authorities on their particular topics selected from every part of the highway engineering industry to achieve a balance between the various approaches required by the different functions they perform.