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Minority Entrepreneurship 2.0 examines the unique challenges facing minorities pursuing entrepreneurial alternatives in very specific social, political, historical, and economic contexts, and these contexts differ from nation to nation. This monograph examines the different contexts in which Black and Asian owners have run their firms since the late 19th century. In sociological terms, the kinds of firms they owned and the way these owners operated their firms were heavily shaped by the differing contexts in which they were embedded. Key factors shaping MBEs in America differ substantially from the relevant contextual factors operative in England or France or Germany.
This book features contributions by international scholars who have worked to establish a theory- and empirics-based discussion on disadvantaged minorities and long-term economic development. Depending on their socio-demographic characteristics, minorities have long lived under the shadow of the groups, categories, or communities they presumably belong to. Despite the obstacles they have to face, they manage to demonstrate that, above all, they are entrepreneurs capable to start, run, and successfully complete their venture. Their motivations are often assimilated by the research community into “necessity entrepreneurship.” In addition to the external barriers they face, they have to overcome endogenous cognitive factors that hinder their entrepreneurial intention: anxiety before the future, the anguish of death, generativity, health condition as perceived by others, subjective age, and the cultural gap as viewed by natives, among others. The book integrates a diversity of challenges and disadvantages faced by entrepreneurs, allowing the reader to have a renewed understanding of entrepreneurial behavior. On the theoretical level, the chapters emphasize the need for integrating entrepreneurship theory with multidisciplinary approaches, such as the Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage/Advantage (CDA), cultural and geographical theories, and psychological theories. On the practical level, this book would raise the awareness of policy makers, mainly governmental and nongovernmental organizations concerning the disadvantages, and helping them adjust their actions either for local or international programs. Chapter "Intersectionality and Minority Entrepreneurship: At the Crossroad of Vulnerability and Power" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
'In their powerful presentation of Minorities in Entrepreneurship, the authors go beyond the traditional definitions of entrepreneurship to enhance our understanding of minority groups whether they be younger, older, women, ethnic, immigrant, LGB, disabled or indigenous. The book provides a new perspective on the driving forces in becoming a business owner and the "push" and "pull" factors within and across groups. Enhanced by in-depth case studies of members in each group, the study is a valuable contribution to the understanding of all venture owners, a rich reference source for scholars, and a worthwhile book of readings for students in the fields of entrepreneurship and gender and diversity.' Dorothy Perrin Moore, The Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina, US 'There are books on minorities and there are books on entrepreneurship, but there are no books combining the two and amongst a wide range of minorities in society. This truly is a novel and innovative work, and should be essential reading for all interested this topic.' Cary L. Cooper, CBE, Lancaster University Management School, UK Although there is an expanding body of literature on the characteristics, aspirations, motivations, challenges and barriers of mainstream entrepreneurs, relatively little is known about whether these findings can be applied to the entrepreneurial activities of minority groups. This book addresses this short-fall and presents an international review of the characteristics, motivations and obstacles of eight minority groups: younger; older, women; ethnic; immigrant; lesbian; gay and bisexual, disabled; and indigenous entrepreneurs. The expert contributors discover enormous variability between these minority groups, such as in the motivators that either 'pushed' or 'pulled' individuals into an entrepreneurial venture, as well as diverse attitudes toward 'success': some groups wanted to achieve financial security others wanted to enhance their sense of self-worth, or to change existing social and economic circumstances. However, some striking similarities were noted: initial disadvantage often created a powerful impetus to starting up a business venture, and accessing finance was extremely difficult for many. Including comparative cross cultural data and case studies on the various minority groups reviewed, both post graduate students and undergraduate students studying entrepreneurship will find this book an invaluable resource. In addition, it will also be of interest to policy makers, governments and all those who wish to comprehend the nature of small business ownership for a wide range of minority business owners.
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First Published in 2000. The invisible hand of the market cannot conceal color. This study contends that the economy is an extension of society’s system of racial and ethnic stratification. The central argument of this study is that the internal colonial paradigm should be used as a guiding principle in the analysis of minority business development in minority markets. Through the use of this paradigm, the institutional constraints of doing business in a minority market can be identified. The ethnic beauty aids industry was selected as the subject of this case study because it is embedded in the context of minority markets, which entail high concentrations of minority entrepreneurs and consumers. Minority entrepreneurs enter minority markets to avoid racial barriers they perceive in the mainstream economy, and minority consumers find minority markets more accessible and responsive to their consumption needs.