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This study focused on factors that have positively influenced the model of economic success for commercial and thrift megabanks involved in merger and acquisition activities for the period 1990 - 1997, a period characterized by an unprecedented flurry of merger and acquisition activities among megabanks in the United States. This study identified and measured key independent variables for identifiable mergers and acquisitions among megabanks and tested the extent to which, such independent variables influenced abnormal returns for underlying equities traded in capital markets. This study also tested the hypothesis that megabanks are attracting significantly higher acquisition premiums than the relatively smaller banks. The data collected and the conclusions drawn were based on the logic of a hypothetico-deductive paradigm, which essentially utilized the techniques of the standard event study methodology, and included parameters of the conventional Capital Asset Pricing Model. This study was based on a scientifically determined sample of over 200 banks in the small bank category and between 68 and 86 banks grouped under the megabank category. The findings revealed that megebank acquirers realized negative abnormal returns and that megabank acquirees did not realize economic value significantly greater than acquirers for those banks that integrated on a merger-of-equals basis. The findings also showed that megabanks seemed more willing to pay higher premiums for the right to integrate with other megabanks vis-a-vis the right to integrate with small banks.
As the financial services industry becomes increasingly international, the more narrowly defined and historically protected national financial markets become less significant. Consequently, financial institutions must achieve a critical size in order to compete. Bank Mergers & Acquisitions analyses the major issues associated with the large wave of bank mergers and acquisitions in the 1990's. While the effects of these changes have been most pronounced in the commercial banking industry, they also have a profound impact on other financial institutions: insurance firms, investment banks, and institutional investors. Bank Mergers & Acquisitions is divided into three major sections: A general and theoretical background to the topic of bank mergers and acquisitions; the effect of bank mergers on efficiency and shareholders' wealth; and regulatory and legal issues associated with mergers of financial institutions. It brings together contributions from leading scholars and high-level practitioners in economics, finance and law.
This book discusses banking, insurance, and securities regulation, as well as issues in consumer finance and electronic commerce. In a new era of deregulation, the US banking system is undergoing dramatic consolidation. The authors use detailed case studies to determine the motivation for bank mergers, assess the advertised gains in efficiency and services, and resolve inconsistencies between econometric studies and comparisons of performance in different US states and different countries. As merger activity intensifies, the volume explains both the acceleration of merger activity and the rationales for recent megamergers. The authors also explore the link between consolidation and global competitiveness and dissect client-based universal banking.
Megabank consolidations in the United States: The enigma continues, investigates merger of equals among megabanks as a business model and also postulates that higher premiums are paid for the right to integrate with the very large banks versus that paid for the right to integrate with relatively smaller banks. By introducing merger of equals and megabank premium comparatives, the author has filled a void left vacant by previous researchers investigating inorganic growth among banks in the U.S. banking industry. Decision makers, academicians, policy makers, and students of finance will once more be looking for "what is out there" in order to guide understandings and decisions re the integration aspects among financial intermediaries. The book sought to illuminate a clarity of understanding involving the analysis and interpretation of organic versus inorganic growth among megabanks in the United States. Despite the general destruction of shareholders incremental value brought about through inorganic growth, the enigma continues in that banks proceed to integrate at an accelerating pace over the past two decades, though there was a brief lull early in this new Millennium.
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
After 1980, the U.S. banking industry experienced a sustained and unprecedented level of merger activity that has substantially affected banking structure. From 1980 through 1998, there were approx. 8,000 mergers, involving about $2.4 trillion in acquired assets. From 1990 to 1999 several mergers occurred that, at the time of occurrence, were the largest bank mergers in U.S. history. This report describes various facets of bank merger activity and some of the changes in U.S. banking structure that occurred from 1980 through 1998. A primary force underlying the sustained merger movement in banking since 1980 was the gradual removal of state and federal restrictions on geographic expansion in banking. Charts and tables.
Presented in this book is a comprehensive empirical analysis of mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. banking industry. The purpose of the study is to examine the merger phenomenon in the banking industry by answering the following questions: - What are the incentives for banks to merge? - Has the prohibition of interstate banking prevented banks from diversifying and has it increased the rate of bank failures by restricting (geographical) diversification opportunities? - Are bank mergers wealth-creating activities and how are the gains/losses from a merger distributed between the acquiring and acquired bank shareholders? - How can the changes in shareholder wealth resulting from bank mergers be explained and are there differences between interstate and intrastate mergers? - What are the implications of the study's findings for regulatory policy? Theory and practical implications are blended in this book which should appeal to both academics and practitioners in the field
The merger-mania of the 1990s has seen half of all US banks in operation at the end of the 1970 disappear. This study shows that it is not operating efficiences driving the mergers, and that consolidation may have effects contrary to consumer and non-financial businesss interests.
This timely and much-needed Handbook reconsiders an old topic from a fresh perspective, raising a number of new, interesting and worthwhile issues in the wake of ten years of globalization. This comprehensive analysis illustrates that old-style industrial policies whereby the government directly intervened in markets, and was often the producer itself, are no longer relevant. Structural changes occurring in economies summarized in the term globalization are triggering the definition and implementation of new industrial policies. The contributors, leading experts in their field, unite to evaluate this shift of over a decade ago. Employing various empirical and methodological approaches with a strong theoretical underpinning, this world-wide study of the state-of-the-art of industrial policy issues is an invaluable reference tool. It has been enthusiastically received by a wide-ranging audience including scholars, researchers and policy makers with an interest in industrial economics and policy, business studies and policies for growth, competitiveness and development.