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Bacterial plasmids originating in a wide range of genera are being studied from a variety of perspectives in hundreds of laboratories around the globe. These elements are well known for carrying "special" genes that confer important survival properties, frequently neces sary under atypical conditions. Classic examples of plasmid-borne genes are those provid ing bacterial resistance to toxic substances such as antibiotics, metal ions, and bacte riophage. Often included are those determining bacteriocins, which may give the bacterium an advantage in a highly competitive environment. Genes offering metabolic alternatives to the cell under nutritionally stressed conditions are also commonly found on plasmids, as are determinants important to colonization and pathogenesis. It is likely that in many, if not most, cases plasmids and their passenger determinants represent DNA acquired recently by their bacterial hosts, and it is the characteristic mobility of these elements that enables their efficient establishment in new bacterial cells by the process known as conjugation. Whereas many plasmids are fully capable of promoting their own conjugal transfer, others move only with help from coresident elements. The ability of a plasmid to establish itself in a variety of different species is com mon, and recent studies have shown that transfer can in some cases occur from bacterial cells to eukaryotes such as yeast.
This timely volume reviews the molecular mechanisms and regulation aspects of conjugation in a variety of bacterial systems. An international group of contributors examine the movement of plasmids and conjugative transposons across species and kingdom barriers, and discuss the significance of the transfer phenomenon from clinical, environmental, and industrial perspectives.
This book opens with an essay on the historical perspective of the study of plasmids, reviewing important events and discoveries that have propelled the field forward. The remaining chapters are divided into six sections, detailing basic biological processes such as replication and inheritance functions, specific plasmid systems, plasmid evolution, and use of plasmids as genetic tools. Chapters include use of genomic approaches for the study of plasmid biology, and a review of plasmids from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes is presented. In-depth treatment is given to diversity of plasmid systems in the natural environment, and the development of plasmid use in the laboratory is also covered.
This book covers cell-cell channels at all levels of biological organization. The purpose of this book is to document that cells are not physically separated and fully autonomous units of biological life as stated by the currently valid Cell Theory. If not the cell then some lower level unit must fulfill this role. The book deals also with the identity of this elusive unit of biological life.
This is a sound, scholarly, yet very readable book that organizes the pertinent material on a relatively popular topic in bacterial genetics. In a complicated area where articles are scattered throughout the literature, it should prove an excellent reference source for researchers in microbial genetics and general microbiology, as well as in certain aspects of clinical medicine and in nutrition. Drug-resistance factors are accessory chromosomes, independent of the bacterial chromosome proper, which are of increasing practical concern as they cause a large portion of the antibiotic resistance that is prevalent in medicine and in veterinary practice. Yet these factors are only part of a much larger class of accessory chromosomes known as &"plasmids&" which have played a prominent role in the development of bacterial genetics of molecular biology as a whole. Two other well-known classes are the sex factors, which enable bacteria to transfer their genes to recipients by conjugation, and the bacterial phages&-viruses that grow in bacteria. Despite the great differences in their overt properties, all plasmids exhibit strong fundamental similarities, and it is these general properties rather than their individual peculiarities which are emphasized here. The book first notes how plasmids were discovered. It then discusses the physical structure of their chromosomes, their manner of replication, how they act to bring about conjugation, and other processes they determine. Although the treatment is primarily biological, the book supplies references to laboratory techniques and to the implications of the subject for human and for animal medicine.
Bacterial genetics has become one of the cornerstones of basic and applied microbiology and has contributed key knowledge for many of the fundamental advances of modern biology. The second edition of this comprehensive yet concise text, first published in 1981, has been thoroughly updated and redesigned to account for new developments in this rapidly expanding field. All of the major topics in modern bacterial and bacteriophage genetics are presented, among them mutations and mutagenesis, genetics of T4 bacteriophage and other intemperate and temperate phages, transduction, transformation, conjugation and plasmids, recombination and repair, probability laws for prokaryote cultures, as well as applied bacterial genetics.
Bacteria are the most ubiquitous of all organisms. Responsible for a number of diseases and for many of the chemical cycles on which life depends, they are genetically adaptable. Vital to this adaptability is the existence of autonomous genetic elements-plasmids-which promote genetic exchange and recombination. The genes carried by any particular plasmid may be found in only a few individuals of any species but can also be shared with other species and thus constitute a horizontal gene pool. This book explains the various contributions that plasmids make to this pool: the replication, stable inheritance and transfer modules, the phenotypic markers they carry, the way they evolve, the ways they contribute to their host population and the approaches that we use to study and classify them. It also looks at what we know about their activity in natural communities and the way that they interact with other mobile elements to promote bacterial evolution.
Fundamental Bacterial Genetics presents a conciseintroduction to microbial genetics. The text focuses on onebacterial species, Escherichia coli, but draws examples fromother microbial systems at appropriate points to support thefundamental concepts of molecular genetics. A solid balance ofconcepts, techniques and applications makes this book anaccessible, essential introduction to the theory and practice offundamental microbial genetics. FYI boxes - feature key experiments that lead to what we nowknow, biographies of key scientists, comparisons with other speciesand more. Study questions - at the end of each chapter, review and teststudents' knowledge of key chapter concepts. Key references - included both at chapter end and in a fullreference list at the end of the book. Full Chapter on Genomics, Bioinformatics and Proteomics -includes coverage of functional genomics and microarrays. Dedicated website – animations, study resources, webresearch questions and illustrations downloadable for powerpointfiles provide students and instructors with an enhanced,interactive experience.