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Deals with doctoral students, the institutions that provided their education, and the factors--intellectual, scientific, social, political, and economic--that effected change during the most significant and tumultuous period in U.S. doctoral education from its beginnings in 1861 through 1999. Detailed tables and figures provide historical trend data for 20th century periods. Data since 1958 are from the Survey of Earned Doctorates; earlier data are from public records and the Department of Education. The report covers doctorate recipients' demographic characteristics; study fields and institutions for bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees; financial support; indebtedness; time from baccalaureate to doctorate; and postgraduation plans.
Winner of the Pfizer Award for Outstanding Book in the History of Science Margaret Rossiter's widely hailed Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 marked the beginning of a pioneering effort to interpret the history of American women scientists. That effort continues in this provocative sequel that covers the crucial years of World War II and beyond. Rossiter begins by showing how the acute labor shortage brought on by the war seemed to hold out new hope for women professionals, especially in the sciences. But the public posture of welcoming women into the scientific professions masked a deep-seated opposition to change. Rossiter proves that despite frustrating obstacles created by the patriarchal structure and values of universities, government, and industry, women scientists made genuine contributions to their fields, grew in professional stature, and laid the foundation for the breakthroughs that followed 1972.