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This study explores the so-called 'Apology of Aristides' as it can be found within Barlaam and Ioasaph (B & I). Scholars have started from the hypothesis (when comparing the Greek B & I version to the Syriac version) that the redactor of B & I has removed details from within the 'Apology'. Although this has a prima facie probability, no scholar has addressed whether this one hundred year old hypothesis holds any truth. In order to understand a text within a framing text, one needs to get a clear idea of the latter, especially its textual form and its core ideas. This allows an insight into the relationship between the two entities. I ask which elements of the 'Apology entered B & I and have been seen as fitting this framework, which of the linguistic entities and theological ideas are consistent with both the time and content of B & I, and how the 'Apology' reads as part of the overall narrative of the B & I.I explore the role played by this 'added' text in B & I, and why the author or redactor may have chosen to use it. Furthermore, is this text the only fragment that was added to B & I? Once the 'text' of the 'Apology' is understood in its frame, I argue, can we examine how that frame may have impacted on the interpretation of the 'Apology', and whether and to what extent it may have impacted on the text itself. This answer to the latter question may already have been suggested when looking at how the linguistic entities fit the B & I frame. Finally, I compare the 'Apology' of the B & I with the older Greek papyri of the 'Apology'. A study such as this has never been accomplished, and yet such a study proves essential in understanding the Greek version of the 'Apology', as it appears in B & I, and how this new information relates to the other versions of the 'Apology'. What we discover is that the redactor has not changed much of the B & I version of the 'Apology' contrary to what previous scholarship suggets.
In a day fascinated with questions of historiography and with explicating a distinctive Christian philosophy of time and history, Henri-Charles Puech’s (1950s) work on Gnosis and time found an audience. Studying four second-century texts he marked as Gnostic, he argued for the Gnostic, anti-cosmic, anti-historical pessimism about existence within the tyrannical temporal world of bondage and error. Bliss and truth were otherworldly and atemporal. This book reassesses Puech’s argument by analysis of the writings undergirding his sample and a wide array of second-century Christian and Gnostic-Christian texts that display not the Gnostic view, as if there were one, but a broader second-century theological discussion regarding time, world and knowledge manifesting a spectrum of perspectives. A review of past and present scholarly discourse that evoked discussions of Gnosticism and anti-cosmism, and informed Puech’s thesis begins the volume along with study of his own thesis. A discussion of the academy’s reception of Puech then follows. The close reading of early pertinent texts forms the heart of the work arguing for eight discernible models of history, time, and world that arose within the second-century intellectual debate.
The Greek version of the legend, from which European versions collectively descend, is attributed by some to Saint John of Damascus.
Brings a new approach to the interpretation of the sources used to study the Early Christian era - reading history backwards. This book will interest teachers and students of New Testament studies from around the world of any denomination, and readers of early Christianity and Patristics.
Whether in the courts, Parliament or the pub, to persuade you need proof, be that argument- or evidence-based. But what counts as proof, and as satisfactory proof, varies from culture to culture and from context to context. This volume assembles a range of experts in ancient Greek literature to address the theme of proof from different angles and in the works of different authors and contexts. Much of the focus is on the Athenian orators, who discussed the nature and kinds of proof from at least the fourth century BC and are still the subject of lively debate. But demonstration through evidence and argument and the language of proof are not limited to the lawcourts. They have a place in other literary forms, prose and verse, including drama and historiography, and these too feature in the collection. The book will be of interest to students and professional scholars in the fields of Greek literature and law, and Greek social and political history.
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A unique, wide-ranging volume exploring the historical, religious, cultural, political, and social aspects of Christian martyrdom Although a well-studied and researched topic in early Christianity, martyrdom had become a relatively neglected subject of scholarship by the latter half of the 20th century. However, in the years following the attack on the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, the study of martyrdom has experienced a remarkable resurgence. Heightened cultural, religious, and political debates about Islamic martyrdom have, in a large part, prompted increased interest in the role of martyrdom in the Christian tradition. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Christian Martyrdom is a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon from its beginnings to its role in the present day. This timely volume presents essays written by 30 prominent scholars that explore the fundamental concepts, key questions, and contemporary debates surrounding martyrdom in Christianity. Broad in scope, this volume explores topics ranging from the origins, influences, and theology of martyrdom in the early church, with particular emphasis placed on the Martyr Acts, to contemporary issues of gender, identity construction, and the place of martyrdom in the modern church. Essays address the role of martyrdom after the establishment of Christendom, especially its crucial contribution during and after the Reformation period in the development of Christian and European national-building, as well as its role in forming Christian identities in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This important contribution to Christian scholarship: Offers the first comprehensive reference work to examine the topic of martyrdom throughout Christian history Includes an exploration of martyrdom and its links to traditions in Judaism and Islam Covers extensive geographical zones, time periods, and perspectives Provides topical commentary on Islamic martyrdom and its parallels to the Christian church Discusses hotly debated topics such as the extent of the Roman persecution of early Christians The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Christian Martyrdom is an invaluable resource for scholars and students of religious studies, theology, and Christian history, as well as readers with interest in the topic of Christian martyrdom.
The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers refer to a group of miscellaneous Christian writings produced in the first and second centuries. The authors of these writings were considered by seventeenth century scholars to be the next generation of Apostles and as a result were named The Apostolic Fathers. Perceived by many scholars to be the most important collection of post-New Testament writings, a number of these texts were in fact considered for the Canon of the New Testament but later rejected. Their obvious significance stems from the fact that they are the first Christian writings produced outside the New Testament Canon and as such contain an essential insight into the development of the early Christian Church and Christian thinking. Much Christian Doctrine came, not from the New Testament, but from the writings produced by the early church and in particular the writings of the Apostolic Fathers. Therefore, these texts are crucial to an understanding of the shaping of Christian thought and Christian doctrine. This volume will provide readers with an overview of each of the eleven texts, together with a general introduction. Communicating the best recent scholarship to a broad audience, each chapter offers a treatment of the most controversial aspects of each text and discusses the theology of each of the writings in order to orient readers to the development of Christian thinking in the second century. Each article ends with a carefully chosen select bibliography to enable further reading.
This volume explores the creation of the collection now known as the New Testament. While it is generally accepted that it did not emerge as a collection prior to the late second century CE, a more controversial question is how it came to be. How did the writings that make up the New Testament—The Gospels, the so-called Praxapostolos (Acts and the canonical letters), the Epistles of Paul, and Revelation—make their way into the collection, and what do we know about their possible historical origins, and in turn the emergence of the New Testament itself? The New Testament as we know it first became recognisable in more detail in Irenaeus of Lyon towards the end of the second century CE. However, questions remain as to how and by whom was it redacted. Was it a slow, organic process in which texts written by different authors, members of different communities and in various places, grew together into one book? Or were certain writings compiled on the basis of an editorial decision by an individual or a group of editors, revised for this purpose and partly harmonised with each other? This volume sketches out the complex development of the New Testament, arguing that key second century scholars played an important role in the emergence of the canonical collection and putting forward the possible historical origins of the text’s composition. Christ’s Torah: The Making of the New Testament in the Second Century is of interest to students and scholars working on the New Testament and anyone with an interest in early Christianity more broadly.