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This portion of the program was conducted for the purpose of developing a predictive model of heat flow and solidification for aluminum alloys produced under the high cooling rate conditions achievable in atomization processes. It is a combined experimental and theoretical study of the relationship between the important solidification variables (e.g. cooling rate, temperature gradients, interface shape and velocity, supercooling and transformation kinetics) and the structure of rapidly solidified aluminum alloy powders. This report covers that portion of the investigations which addressed the characterization of the thermal history of rapid solidification in metal droplets, and its effects on powder microstructure. The main effort was focused on modelling the heat flow during solidification, and relationships were established between the atomization parameters, the growth kinetics, the interface velocity and undercooling, and other important variables. Numerical solutions based on the enthalpy model were developed, and their results compared to the trends predicted from the Newtonian model. The analysis covered situations of isothermal solidification at the melting temperature, as well as those where significant undercoolings are necessary for nucleation and growth. The implications of single vs. multiple nucleation were also discussed. The concepts developed from the heat flow analysis were coupled to microstructural observations in Aluminum alloy powders, mostly in the submicron size range. It was shown that reducing the particle size decreases the extent of segregation, promotes multiple nucleation and the formation of twins during solidification.
Rapid solidification processing results in increased strength, and fracture and fatigue resistance of alloys, with concurrent improvements in mechanical, physical and chemical properties. This volume provides a systematic examination of this technology, including metallurgical aspects, processing methods, alloy design, and applications. Each chapter was prepared by a specialist for this volume. The text is well illustrated with more than 400 micrographs and schematics. More than 75 tables provide important reference data.
Elements of Rapid Solidification: Fundamentals and Applications is the product of many years of concentrated work in the field of rapid solidification and processing. This quasi-monograph is unique in two ways. It brings together the talent of many international scientists in an effort to focus attention on all aspects of a new scientific field and it concentrates on fundamentals and practical applications. Simply stated, this book has been written by the senior students in the field of rapid solidification technology for the new generation of solid-state physicists, materials scientists, materials engineers, metallurgists and ceramicists.
This book discusses the structure and properties of the current and potential aluminum alloys in terms of their structure (and structural transformations by new processing methods) and the relationship between structure and mechanical and other properties. The alternative materials that challenge aluminum are considered as well, since the challenge of new competitive materials is a strong influence on innovation. The book bridges the gap between current scientific understanding and engineering practice. It is an up-to-date reference that will be of use to researchers and advanced students in metallurgy and materials engineering.
Rapidly Solidified Metals constitute today a rapidly multiplying species of metallic materials with excellent combinations of properties that make them attractive alternatives and often serious competitors to conventional alloys in diverse industrial applications.
For many years, various editions of Smallman's Modern Physical Metallurgy have served throughout the world as a standard undergraduate textbook on metals and alloys. In 1995, it was rewritten and enlarged to encompass the related subject of materials science and engineering and appeared under the title Metals & Materials: Science, Processes, Applications offering a comprehensive amount of a much wider range of engineering materials. Coverage ranged from pure elements to superalloys, from glasses to engineering ceramics, and from everyday plastics to in situ composites, Amongst other favourable reviews, Professor Bhadeshia of Cambridge University commented: "Given the amount of work that has obviously gone into this book and its extensive comments, it is very attractively priced. It is an excellent book to be recommend strongly for purchase by undergraduates in materials-related subjects, who should benefit greatly by owning a text containing so much knowledge."The book now includes new chapters on materials for sports equipment (golf, tennis, bicycles, skiing, etc.) and biomaterials (replacement joints, heart valves, tissue repair, etc.) - two of the most exciting and rewarding areas in current materials research and development. As in its predecessor, numerous examples are given of the ways in which knowledge of the relation between fine structure and properties has made it possible to optimise the service behaviour of traditional engineering materials and to develop completely new and exciting classes of materials. Special consideration is given to the crucial processing stage that enables materials to be produced as marketable commodities. Whilst attempting to produce a useful and relatively concise survey of key materials and their interrelationships, the authors have tried to make the subject accessible to a wide range of readers, to provide insights into specialised methods of examination and to convey the excitement of the atmosphere in which new materials are conceived and developed.
This book explores the application of external physical fields to the solidification processing of metallic alloys. Leading academics from around the world present comprehensive and critical reviews on state-of-the-art research and discuss possible future directions. Major physical fields, including electromagnetic, electric, acoustic, and thermal, are considered. In addition, the most advanced synchrotron X-ray based real-time and in-situ studies and numerical modeling methodologies are reviewed and discussed, with a special emphasis on their applications to the solidification processes. Throughout, all chapters are illustrated with both historical and very recent research cases, including typical examples of in-situ studies, modeling, and simulation. This book contains essential knowledge and information suitable for a wide audience, from undergraduate and postgraduate students to academics, practicing researchers, and engineers in materials, metallurgy, and manufacturing.