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One of the largest, most complicated and expensive environmental problems in the United States is the cleanup of nuclear wastes. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has approximately 4,000 contaminated sites covering tens of thousands of acres and replete with contaminated hazardous or radioactive waste, soil, or structures. In addition to high-level waste, it has more than 250,000 cubic meters of transuranic waste and millions of cubic meters of low-level radio-active waste. In addition, DOE is responsible for thousands of facilities awaiting decontamination, decommissioning, and dismantling. DOE and its predecessors have been involved in the management of radioactive wastes since 1943, when such wastes were first generated in significant quantities as by-products of nuclear weapons production. Waste connected with DOE's nuclear weapons complex has been accumulating as a result of various operations spanning over five decades. The cost estimates for nuclear waste cleanup in the United States have been rapidly rising. It has recently been estimated to be in a range from $200 to $350 billion. Costs could vary considerably based on future philosophies as to whether to isolate certain sites (the ""iron fence"" philosophy), or clean them up to a pristine condition (the ""greenfields"" philosophy). Funding will also be based on Congressional action that may reduce environmental cleanup, based on budget considerations.
Decommissioning nuclear facilities is a relatively new field, which has developed rapidly in the last ten years. It involves materials that may be highly radioactive and therefore require sophisticated methods of containment and remote handling. The wastes arising from decommissioning are hazardous and have to be stored or disposed of safely in order to protect the environment and future generations. Nuclear decommissioning work must be carried out to the highest possible standards to protect workers, the general public and the environment. This book describes the techniques used for dismantling redundant nuclear facilities, the safe storage of radioactive wastes and the restoration of nuclear licensed sites.* Describes the techniques used for dismantling nuclear facilities, safe storage of radioactive wastes, and the restoration of nuclear licensed facilities. * Provides the reader with decommissioning experience accumulated over 15 years by UKAEA. * Contains valuable information to personnel new to decommissioning and waste management.
Environmental Science: Principles and Practices provides the scientific principles, concepts, applications, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural world, identify and analyze environmental problems both natural and manmade, evaluate the relative risks associated with these problems, and examine alternative solutions (such as renewable energy sources) for resolving and even preventing them. Frank R. Spellman and Melissa Stoudt introduce the science of the environmental mediums of air, water, soil, and biota to undergraduate students. Interdisciplinary by nature, environmental science embraces a wide array of topics. Environmental Science: Principles and Practices brings these topics together under several major themes, including 1.How energy conversions underlie all ecological processes 2.How the earth's environment functions as an integrated system 3.How human activities alter natural systems 4.How the role of culture, social, and economic factors is vital to the development of solutions 5.How human survival depends on practical ideas of stewardship and sustainability Environmental Science: Principles and Practices is an ideal resource for students of science in the classroom and at home, in the library and the lab.
This new edition provides a practical view of pollution and its impact on the natural environment. Driven by the hope of a sustainable future, it stresses the importance of environmental law and resource sustainability and offers a wealth of information based on real-world observations and expert experience. It presents a basic overview of environmental pollution, emphasizes key terms, and addresses specific concepts in advanced algebra, fundamental engineering, and statistics. In addition, it considers socioeconomic, political, and cultural influences and provides an understanding of how to effectively treat and prevent air pollution, implement industrial hygiene principles, and manage solid waste, water, and wastewater operations. The Handbook of Environmental Engineering is written in a down-to-earth style for a wide audience, as it appeals to technical readers, consultants, policymakers, as well as a wide range of general readers. Features: Updated throughout, with a new chapter on modern trends in environmental engineering, the book further emphasizes climate change effects on water/wastewater infrastructure Examines the physical, chemical, and biological processes fundamental to understanding the environment fate and engineered treatment of environmental contaminants Presents technologies to prevent pollution at the source as well as treatment and disposal methods for remediation Identifies multiple environmental pollutants and explains the effects of each Includes the latest environmental regulatory requirements.