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The primary objective of this paper is to present an analysis and a historical review of the Apollo Lunar Module landing dynamics from the standpoint of touchdown dynamic stability, landing system energy absorption performance, and evaluation of the first-order terms of lunar soil mechanical properties at the Apollo 11 landing site. The first-order terms of lunar surface mechanical properties consisted primarily of the surface bearing strength and sliding friction coefficient. The landing dynamic sequence started at first footpad contact. The flight dynamics data used to assess the Apollo 11 landing system performance and the lunar soil mechanical properties included the body axis pitch, roll, and yaw rate time histories as measured by the on-board guidance computer during the Apollo 11 Lunar Module touchdown maneuver, and the landing gear stroke data derived from post-landing photographs. The conclusions drawn from these studies were that the landing gear system performance was more than adequate from a stability and energy absorption standpoint for all Apollo lunar landings, and the lunar soil parameters were well within the limits of the design assumptions for all Apollo landing sites. Chapter 1.0 - Introduction * Chapter 2.0 - Landing Dynamic Analysis * Chapter 3.0 - Drop Testing of Subscale and Full-scale Lunar Module Models * Chapter 4.0 - The Lunar Module * Chapter 5.0 - Critical Design Cases * Chapter 6.0 - Analysis of the Apollo 11 Lunar Module Landing Dynamics and Lunar Surface Mechanical Properties * Chapter 7.0 - The Apollo Lunar Module Landings * 7.1 Apollo 11 Lunar Landing * 7.1.1 Summary: Apollo 11 Lunar Module Landing * 7.2 Apollo 12 Lunar Landing * 7.2.1 Summary: Apollo 12 Lunar Module Landing * 7.3 Apollo 13 Lunar Landing (Aborted) * 7.4 Apollo 14 Lunar Landing * 7.4.1 Summary: Apollo 14 Lunar Module Landing * 7.5 Apollo 15 Lunar Landing * 7.5.1 Summary: Apollo 15 Lunar Module Landing * 7.6 Apollo 16 Lunar Landing * 7.6.1 Summary: Apollo 16 Lunar Module Landing * 7.7 Apollo 17 Lunar Landing * 7.7.1 Summary: Apollo 17 Lunar Module Landing * Chapter 8.0 - Author's Annotation - Apollo 16 and 17 Landings * Chapter 9.0 - Conclusions * Chapter 10.0 - References * Appendix A: Apollo 11 Lunar Module Touchdown Dynamics * Appendix B: Lunar Soil Mechanical Properties Model * Appendix C: Apollo 11 Lunar Module Mass Properties at Touchdown * Appendix D: Apollo 11 Lunar Module Landing Gear Load Stroke Characteristics * Appendix E: Apollo 11 Lunar Module Descent Engine Thrust Tail-off Characteristics
These official NASA history documents provide unique accounts of the Apollo lunar landing program. The first document, What Made Apollo A Success? (NASA SP-287) describes three of the basic ingredients of the success of Apollo: spacecraft hardware that is most reliable, flight missions that are extremely well planned and executed, and flight crews that are superbly trained and skilled. Contents: Introduction by George M. Low; Design Principles Stressing Simplicity by Kenneth S. Kleinknecht; Testing To Ensure Mission Success by Scott H. Simpkinson; Apollo Crew Procedures, Simulation, And Flight Planning by Warren J. North And C. H. Woodling; Flight Control In The Apollo Program by Eugene F. Kranz And James Otis Covington; Action On Mission Evaluation And Flight Anomalies by Donald D. Arabian; Techniques Of Controlling The Trajectory by Howard W. Tindall, Jr.; Flexible Yet Disciplined Mission Planning by C. C. Kraft, Jr., J. P. Mayer, C. R. Huss, And R. P. Parten. The introduction states: We will limit ourselves to those tasks that were the direct responsibility of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center: spacecraft development, mission design and mission planning, flight crew operations, and flight operations. We will describe spacecraft design principles, the all-important spacecraft test activities, and the discipline that evolved in the control of spacecraft changes and the closeout of spacecraft anomalies; and we will discuss how we determined the best series of flights to lead to a lunar landing at the earliest possible time, how these flights were planned in detail, the techniques used in establishing flight procedures and carrying out flight operations, and, finally, crew training and simulation activities - the activities that led to a perfect flight execution by the astronauts. The First Lunar Landing As Told By The Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins in a Post-flight Press Conference, the second document in this ebook compilation, is a transcript of the Apollo 11 conference. It's a description of man's historic first trip to another celestial body by the men who made the journey. Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, began the first-hand report to the world of the epic voyage of Eagle and Columbia to the Moon and back to Earth. After 24 hours in lunar orbit Armstrong and Aldrin separated Eagle from Columbia, to prepare for descent to the lunar surface. On July 20 at 4:18 p.m. EDT, the Lunar Module touched down on the Moon at Tranquility Base. Armstrong reported "The Eagle Has Landed." And at 10:56 p.m., Armstrong, descending from Eagle's ladder and touching one foot to the Moon's surface, announced: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin soon joined Armstrong. Before a live television camera which they set up on the surface, they performed their assigned tasks. The third and final document, The Lunar Roving Vehicle - Historical Perspective, is a detailed examination of the success of the moon rover by an engineer at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The purpose of this paper is to raise the consciousness level of the current space exploration planners to what, in the early 1970s, was a highly successful roving vehicle. During the Apollo program, the vehicle known as the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was designed for carrying two astronauts, their tools, and the equipment needed for rudimentary exploration of the Moon. This paper contains a discussion of the vehicle, its characteristics, and its use on the Moon. Conceivably, the LRV has the potential to meet some future requirements, either with relatively low cost modifications or via an evolutionary route. This aspect, however, is left to those who would choose to further study these options.
Written by a trio of experts, this is the definitive reference on the Apollo spacecraft and lunar modules. It traces the design of the vehicles, their development, and their operation in space. More than 100 photographs and illustrations highlight the text, which begins with NASA's origins and concludes with the triumphant Apollo 11 moon mission.
This book provides an overview of the origins of the Apollo program and descriptions of the ground facilities, launch vehicles and spacecraft that were developed in the quest to reach – and return from - the surface of the moon. It will serve as an invaluable single-volume sourcebook for space enthusiasts, space historians, journalists, and others. The text includes a comprehensive collection of tables listing facts and figures for each mission.
Chief engineer Thomas J. Kelly gives a firsthand account of designing, building, testing, and flying the Apollo lunar module. It was, he writes, “an aerospace engineer’s dream job of the century.” Kelly’s account begins with the imaginative process of sketching solutions to a host of technical challenges with an emphasis on safety, reliability, and maintainability. He catalogs numerous test failures, including propulsion-system leaks, ascent-engine instability, stress corrosion of the aluminum alloy parts, and battery problems, as well as their fixes under the ever-present constraints of budget and schedule. He also recaptures the exhilaration of hearing Apollo 11’s Neil Armstrong report that “The Eagle has landed,” and the pride of having inadvertently provided a vital “lifeboat” for the crew of the disabled Apollo 13.
Originally created in 1971 by NASA contractor Grumman, the Apollo Spacecraft News Reference (LEM) was intended to educate members of the media, government, and private sector contractors about one of history's most ambitious undertakings. Within its pages you'll find general information about the Apollo Program, and a detailed examination of the Lunar Excursion Module and crew extra-vehicular activity procedures and equipment. (A companion book that focuses on the CM is also available.) Scores of photos and diagrams accompany the easy-to-understand text. Chapters include: Introduction, Mission Description, Apollo Spacecraft, Lunar Module, Crew Personal Equipment, Environmental Control, Control and Displays, Guidance, Navigation, and Control, Main Propulsion, Reaction Control, Electrical Power, Communications, Instrumentation, Lighting, Portable Life Support System, Biographies, Grumman Aircraft Corp., Brief History of the LM, LM Manufacturing, Glossary, Contractors, The Moon (chapter written by Richard C. Hoagland), Index, and the LM Anatomy Booklet (reprinted in black and white). It also includes a fascinating chapter about ""LM Derivatives,"" showing how variations of the LM could have been built and flown in support of a wide variety of missions. Although it may be one of the most complete studies of the systems and technology that made landing on the Moon possible, it's never been easy to find copies of this text because copies were never widely released -- until now. This reprint is of an edition featuring a mission similar to Apollo 15, 16 or 17, with astronauts performing three 7-hour EVAs using the Lunar Roving Vehicle. It features all the original text, diagrams and photos. It's a wonderful reference for the space flight fan, docent or engineering buff or for anyone else who ever wondered, ""How'd they do that!""
Since humankind first set eyes on the glowing orb in the night sky, we have been fascinated by the moon. This handy volume gives readers a background on the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, through a variety of essays representing various perspectives. Readers are then introduced to several controversies surrounding the landing, including whether it was a waste of effort, enthusiasm, or money. From this enriched international understanding, readers are then treated to first-hand accounts, which will transport their imagination back through time, and allow them to form lasting, intelligent opinions. Essay sources include the Associated Press, the London Times, Margaret Mead, Jean-Jacques Dordain, and NASA.
New York Times bestseller for fans of First Man: A “breathtaking” insider history of NASA’s space program—from astronauts Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton (Entertainment Weekly). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, and the space race was born. Desperate to beat the Russians into space, NASA put together a crew of the nation’s most daring test pilots: the seven men who were to lead America to the moon. The first into space was Alan Shepard; the last was Deke Slayton, whose irregular heartbeat kept him grounded until 1975. They spent the 1960s at the forefront of NASA’s effort to conquer space, and Moon Shot is their inside account of what many call the twentieth century’s greatest feat—landing humans on another world. Collaborating with NBC’s veteran space reporter Jay Barbree, Shepard and Slayton narrate in gripping detail the story of America’s space exploration from the time of Shepard’s first flight until he and eleven others had walked on the moon.