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Occupational injury is a major and often preventable health problem in the work environment. Each year throughout the world millions are affected by traumatic occupational injuries and many thousands are actually killed in work-related incidents. This book provides a diverse and multi-faceted look at some of the themes directing late-1990s research
In the mid 1980s, there was a crisis in the availability, affordability, and adequacy of liability insurance in the United States and Canada. Mass tort claims such as the asbestos, DES, and Agent Orange litigation generated widespread public attention, and the tort system came to assume a heightened prominence in American life. While some scholars debate whether or not any such crisis still exists, there has been an increasing political, judicial and academic questioning of the goals and future of the tort system. Exploring the Domain of Tort Law reviews the evidence on the efficacy of the tort system and its alternatives. By looking at empirical evidence in five major categories of accidents--automobile, medical malpractice, product-related accidents, environmental injuries, and workplace injuries--the authors evaluate the degree to which the tort system conforms to three normative goals: deterrence, corrective justice, and distributive justice. In each case, the authors review the deterrence and compensatory properties of the tort system, and then review parallel bodies of evidence on regulatory, penal, and compensatory alternatives. Most of the academic literature on the tort system has traditionally been doctrinal or, in recent years, highly theoretical. Very little of this literature provides an in-depth consideration of how the system works, and whether or not there are any feasible alternatives. Exploring the Domain of Tort Law contributes valuable new evidence to the tort law reform debate. It will be of interest to academic lawyers and economists, policy analysts, policy professionals in government and research organizations, and all those affected by tort law reform.
This book aims to help the reader to understand what motivates people to engage in risk taking behavior, such as participating in traffic, sports, financial investments, or courtship. The consequences of risk taking may be positive, or result in accidents and injuries, especially in traffic. The wealth of studies and theories (about 1000 references) is used to offer a cohesive, holistic view of risk motivation. The risk motivation theory is a dynamic state-trait model incorporating physiological, emotional and cognitive components of risk perception, processing and planning. If a deficit exists between desired and perceived risk, risk compensation behavior results. A feedback loop provides new information for the next perception-motivation-behavior process. Assumptions were tested and support was found with 120 subjects in a longitudinal study. The concepts and findings are discussed in relation to psychological theories and their meaning for our daily lives.
This study evaluated the impact of the four basic treatment combinations of the rehabilitation component of the Virginia driver improvement program. This was accomplished through a comparison of the driving records of experimental group subjects who received the treatments with the records of control group subjects who did not. It was hypothesized that if the treatments were successful, drivers in the experimental groups would have significantly better post treatment driving records during the full 24 months of observation than drivers in the corresponding control groups; i.e., they would have fewer convictions and accidents. Statistical techniques were used to test this hypothesis with regard to (a) the advisory letter a warning letter issued after a driver accumulates 6 points in one year; (b) the group interview a one-time classroom meeting held when a driver accumulates 8 points in 1 year; (c) a combination of the group interview and an advisory letter; and (d) the personal interview-driver improvement clinic- a one-on-one interview, usually followed by a classroom course in defensive driving, administered when a driver accumulates 12 points in 1 year.* Theoretically, should negligent drivers continue to receive points following the personal interview their licenses are suspended. In actuality, because of the heavy work load among driver improvement analysts, there are very few formal suspensions. attempt was made to evaluate the suspension alternative. * Drivers receive rehabilitation based upon the number of traffic conviction points they accumulate over time. The validity of the point system was not directly evaluated in the study.