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In 1880 the concept of girlhood as a separate stage of existence was barely present. But in the decades that followed, due in part to changes in the legal definition of childhood, a new cultural category was inscribed in a flood of popular books and magazines. Indeed, by the turn of the century working-class and middle-class girls were beginning to control enough of their own time and pocket money that publishing for them was a lucrative business.
Highly respected as a writer by critics and commentators, Hesba Stretton (1832-1911) was a vigorous campaigner for the rights of oppressed minorities and a founding member of the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Though she is known today primarily as a writer of evangelical fiction for young people, including Jessica's First Prayer, this characterization fails to acknowledge the extensive range of her writings and social activism. Elaine Lomax re-examines Stretton's writing for children and adults, situating her body of work within the broad social and cultural context of its production to expose the depth and complexity of Stretton's engagement with contemporary ideas, debates, and discourses. Mining nineteenth-century periodicals, archival materials, and the minutes of the Religious Tract Society, as well as Stretton's own revealing log books, Lomax demonstrates Stretton's preoccupation with those at the bottom or on the margins of society. At the same time, she advances our understanding of the intersection of cultural and literary representations of the child and childhood with wider images of the colonized or excluded, and our knowledge of the history and development of juvenile literature and women's writing.
The Age of Equipoise by W.L Burn was published in 1964 and became a central text in the canon of interpretations of the Victorian period. The book subsequently fell out of favour but recent claims to establish a new interpretative standard have, paradoxically, prompted reviewers to cast back to Burn's work as the orthodox standard against which such claims should be judged. The essays in this volume by British and American contributors all engage, to varying degrees, with the notion of 'equipoise' and how it can help to illuminate the mid-Victorian period in ways which alternative formulations cannot. Some of the chapters develop arguments embedded in Burn's own book; others take up issues largely absent in The Age of Equipoise, such as the position of children, Britain's interaction with the wider world, and the threats the period experienced to its concept of masculine identity. Together the essays demonstrate the intricacy and turbulence of the forces of cohesion in Victorian society, along with the success of that culture in achieving a working, if shifting, modus vivendi. Moreover, they substantiate the argument that, whatever the limitations of Burn's work, 'equipoise' deserves rehabilitation as a powerful conceptual framework for making sense of mid-Victorian Britain. About the Editor: Martin Hewitt is Director of the Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies and editor of the Journal of Victorian Culture. With Robert Poole he has recently produced an edition of The Diaries of Samuel Bamford, 1858-61 (Sutton, 2000).
The Routledge Circus Studies Reader offers an absorbing critical introduction to this diverse and emerging field. It brings together the work of over 30 scholars in this discipline, including Janet Davis, Helen Stoddart and Peta Tait, to highlight and address the field’s key historical, critical and theoretical issues. It is organised into three accessible sections, Perspectives, Precedents and Presents, which approach historical aspects, current issues, and the future of circus performance. The chapters, grouped together into 13 theme-based sub-sections, provide a clear entry point into the field and emphasise the diversity of approaches available to students and scholars of circus studies. Classic accounts of performance, including pieces by Philippe Petit and Friedrich Nietzsche, are included alongside more recent scholarship in the field. Edited by two scholars whose work is strongly connected to the dynamic world of performance, The Routledge Circus Studies Reader is an essential teaching and study resource for the emerging discipline of circus studies. It also provides a stimulating introduction to the field for lovers of circus.
This groundbreaking reference work presents more than 100 articles by 98 high-profile interdisciplinary scholars, covering all aspects of girls' roles in American society, past and present. In this comprehensive, readable, two volume encyclopedia, experts from a variety of disciplines contribute pieces to the puzzle of what it means—and what it has meant over the last 400 years—to be a girl in America. The portrait that emerges reveals deep differences in girls' experiences depending on socioeconomic context, religious and ethnic traditions, family life, schools, institutions, and the messages of consumer and popular culture. Girls have been commodified, idealized, trivialized, eroticized, and shaped by the powerful forces of popular culture, from Little Women to Barbie. Yet girls are also powerful co-creators of the culture that shapes them, often cleverly subverting it to their own purposes. From Pocahantas to punk rockers, girls have been an integral, if overlooked and undervalued, part of American culture.
DigiCat presents to you this meticulously edited collection of the most revered and influential stories and biographies for the heroines of the future: Novels: Little Women Anne of Green Gables Series Rose in Bloom Pride and Prejudice Emma Jane Eyre Heidi Emily of New Moon Alice in Wonderland The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Secret Garden A Little Princess Peter and Wendy The Girl from the Marsh Croft The Nutcracker and the Mouse King The Princess and the Goblin At the Back of the North Wind A Girl of the Limberlost Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Mother Carey's Chickens Pollyanna A Sweet Girl Graduate Daddy Long-Legs Understood Betsy The Luckiest Girl in the School What Katy Did Patty Fairfield Two Little Women on a Holiday Mildred Keith The Wide, Wide World The Silver Skates Six to Sixteen The Wind in the Willows The Box-Car Children Five Children and It The Phoenix and the Carpet The Story of the Amulet The Railway Children Journey to the Centre of the Earth Great Expectations Rapunzel Cinderella Snow-white The Twelve Brothers Little Match Girl Little Mermaid Thumbelina... The Heroines of the Past: Biographies & Memoirs Helen Keller: The Story of My Life Harriet, The Moses of Her People Joan of Arc Saint Catherine Vittoria Colonna Catherine de' Medici Mary Queen of Scots Pocahontas Priscilla Alden Catherine the Great Marie Antoinette Fanny Burney Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Catherine Douglas Lady Jane Grey Flora Macdonald Madame Roland Grace Darling Sister Dora Florence Nightingale Augustina Saragoza Charlotte Bronte Dorothy Quincy Molly Pitcher Harriet Beecher Stowe Madame de Stael Elizabeth Van Lew Ida Lewis Clara Barton Virginia Reed Louisa M. Alcott Clara Morris Anna Dickinson Lucretia Sappho Xantippe Aspasia of Cyrus Portia Octavia Cleopatra Julia Domna Eudocia Hypatia The Lady Rowena Queen Elizabeth The Lady Elfrida The Countess of Tripoli Jane, Countess of Mountfort Laura de Sade The Countess of Richmond Elizabeth Woodville Jane Shore Catharine of Arragon Anne Boleyn Jane Addams ....
The cult of the child performer was a significant emergence of the Victorian age. Fierce public debate and lasting legislation grew out of the conflict between a desire for juvenile display and a determination to stop exploitation. This study explores the social and artistic context of their lives and their developing professionalism as actors.