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To reduce fuel fouling in current U.S Navy and Air Force aircraft systems and to provide additional heat sink and thermal stability for future systems, the Air Force is developing an improved JP-8 jet fuel (JP-8 + 100). Two companies (Betz and Mobil) have developed additive packages that are currently being tested in aircraft systems. To determine if the additive packages will produce health effects for flightline personnel, acute testing was performed on JP-8 and the two JP-8 + 100 jet fuels. A single oral dose at 5 mg jet fuel/kg body weight to five male and five female F-344 rats, and a single dermal application of 2 g jet fuel/kg body weight applied to five male and five female NZW rabbits resulted in no deaths. No signs of toxic stress were observed, and all animals gained weight over the 14-day observation periods. Single treatment of 0.5 mL neat jet fuel to rabbit skin produced negative results for skin irritation. Guinea pigs tailed to elicit a sensitization response following repeated applications of the jet fuels. Inhalation vapor exposure to JP-8, JP-8 + 100 (Betz), and JP-8 (Mobil) were determined to be>3.43,>3.52, and>3.57 mg/L, respectively. LD% values for aerosol exposure to JP-8, JP-8 + 100 (Betz), and JP-8 + 100 (Mobil) were>4.44,>4.39, and>4.54 mg/L, respectively. Under the conditions of these tests, the additive packages did not potentiate the acute effects normally associated with JP-8 jet fuel exposures.
This report describes the high heat sink fuels thermal stability additive evaluation protocol of test methods as they apply to the evaluation of additives for JP-8+100. Individual test methods are described and a standardized methodology for test operation is presented. Acceptance criteria for both baseline fuels and candidate additives are also given.
An initiative led by the US Air Force concluded that advances in military fighter aircraft systems would require fuels with over 50% improvement in heat sink capability over conventional JP8 fuel, This led to the creation of the "JP8 + 100" program during which hundreds of commercial additives were tested for thermal stability enhancing characteristics. The program demonstrated that the thermal stability of jet fuels (particularly JPS) could be enhanced through the use of particular additives and additive blends used at relatively low concentrations. Additionally, flight testing highlighted a significant reduction in fuel- and related maintenance costs, arising from cleaner combustion. One aspect of the incorporation of the most beneficial additives from a thermal stability viewpoint that has given some cause for concern, however, is the consequent effect on the water and solids separation from "JP8+100" fuel, a feature minimized by introduction of the "+100" additive as close to the skin of the aircraft as possible. Inspired by the USAF success, and anticipated consequential environmental benefits, we have conducted an experimental program for the design and development of a conceptually new multifunctional molecular species to enhance the thermal stability of jet fuels, without compromising other required essentials of jet a fuel product quality.
This report describes a program inaugurated to test the compatibility of aircraft fuel system materials with a JP-8 fuel containing a new thermal stability additive (TSA) package. The JP-8 fuel containing this new TSA is commonly referred to as JP-8+100. (The "+100" refers to the expected 100 deg F increase in thermal stability range of fuel containing the additive over the thermal stability range of JP-8 fuel.) In this test report, the effects of fuel containing BetzDearborn - 8Q462 TSA (JP-8+100) in thermal and x 4 concentrations levels on over 222 different aircraft fuel systems materials are measured in comparison to the effects of JP-8 fuel on the same materials. The BetzDearborn - 8Q462 fuel additive package incorporates a dispersant/detergent, a metal deactivator and an antioxidant compound which reduces the rate of oxidation and deterioration of fuel at higher temperatures. Within airframe and engine fuel systems and fuel storage and handling equipment, materials including metallics, elastomers, composites and other nonmetallics are found in contact with aviation fuel. This report describes many of these materials and physical property changes observed in these materials after thermal aging in aviation fuel containing the BetzDearborn - 8Q462 TSA package in laboratory experiments.
Technical effort was directed at increasing the design limit of current JP-8 fuel from 325 deg F (163 deg C) to 425 deg F (218 deg C) at the fuel nozzle. The objective was to accomplish this near-term thermal stability goal solely through the use of a fuel soluble additive package. JP-Thermally stable fuel was considered the thermal stability target since it has the high- temperature properties sought from the significantly more economical JP-8 + 100 formulation. The additives were evaluated in an additive-free Jet A considered typical of fuel most likely to be encountered in the field. DuPont JFA-5, currently the only accepted thermally stability improving additive, was considered state of the art and used as a bench mark. Additive manufacturers were surveyed and solicited for candidate additives that had potential for improving fuel thermal oxidative stability. Test methods were developed and/or refined for use in screening additives. Using the Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) in conjunction with a LECO Carbon Determinator, 152 additives were screened. Additive performance was ranked based on surface carbon and differential pressure. Additional screening was performed using the Isothermal Corrosion Oxidation Test (ICOT). Additives screened included oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-type antioxidants; dispersants; detergents; metal deactivators; antifoulants; and proprietary thermal stability improvers. Twenty-seven experimental blends comprised of various additive combinations were tested. Five baseline fuels were evaluated.
This report describes a program to test the compatibility of aircraft fuel system materials with a JP-8 fuel containing a new thermal stability additive package. The JP-8 fuel containing this new additive package is commonly referred to as JP-8+100. The "+100" refers to the expected 100 degree F increase in thermal stability range of the fuel containing the additive over the thermal stability range of JP-8 fuel. In this test report, the effects of fuel containing BetzDearborn Spec-Aid 8Q462 additive package on aircraft fuel system's materials. The BetzDearborn Spec-Aid 8Q462 fuel additive package incorporates a dispersant, a metal deactivator, and an antioxidant compound. These compounds reduce the rate of oxidation and/or inhibit the formation of bulk and surface deposits at higher temperatures.
NAVAIRSYSCOM has evaluated the individual benefits of 3 different thermal stability improving additives (TSIAs) in jet fuel using 2 separate, small-scale test devices - one laminar flow and the other turbulent. Both systems pump fuel at constant flowrate and use stainless steel tubes that are heated to maintain the bulk fuel at a constant, elevated test temperature. The laminar device has an inside diameter of 0.1 in. (0.262 cm) and an approximate Reynolds No. of 200, whereas the turbulent has an inside diameter of 0.01 in. (0.0254 cm) and a Reynolds No. of 13,000. The results have shown that all 3 TSIAs, when test at their maximum dose levels, reduce the amount of thermal deposits (measured via carbon burnoff) in both flow regimes for 3 different base fuels tested. Both units rank the level of thermal stability in the same order for the 3 baseline fuels tested. In addition, both devices show that Betz 8Q462. is the most effective additive of the 3 tested, with MDA demonstrating almost similar performance in controlling deposit formation. Furthermore, Betz 8Q406 was not as effective as the 2 other additives, but a change in its formulation by the addition of 2 mg/l MDA (to produce 8Q462) greatly improved its performance in both test devices, but most notably in the laminar unit. However, one exception had occurred when MDA was added to one of the test fuels (Tank 20122), which caused an increase in deposition compared to the neat fuel when tested in the turbulent unit. Overall, the combination of the accelerated test conditions in the turbulent unit of higher bulk fuel temperate, higher flowrate, turbulent flow (i.e., flatter temperature profile across the tub ID), and shorter residence time make this a more severe test when compared to the laminar device.