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Allied Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom highlights a number of key aspects of allied support to the U.S.-led operation. The presence of ground forces from so many coalition partners allowed U.S. combat forces to focus their generally superior capabilities in more contested sections of the country. This division of labor served American ends while still ensuring that our partners performed vital work that fully justified their commitment to Iraq's security. These combined operations also strengthened the ties between countries and improved the quality of interoperability between U.S. and coalition troops. Allied support played an important role in stabilizing the situation in Iraq. This short study also underscores the significant challenges that U.S. Army planners faced in Iraqi Freedom in integrating a host of different military partners into U.S. operational plans. Similar issues of working together in a complex military environment will doubtless reoccur in future operations, but the benefits of assembling such coalitions will almost certainly outweigh the problems. The United States cannot fight alone in the current operational environment, and improving the quantity and quality of our interaction with our international partners should continue to be a high priority. I commend this monograph to today's Army to read, gain insight into such combined operations, and reflect on how much support our allies can provide in future military endeavors. - Richard W. Stewart, Chief Historian, 30 September 2011
Summarizes a report on the planning and execution of operations in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM through June 2004. Recommends changes to Army plans, operational concepts, doctrine, and Title 10 functions.
The invasion of Iraq in March 2003-Operation Iraqi Freedom-was controversial at its start. The United Nations was reluctant to provide a specific endorsement for direct U.S. military action. Without this authorization, a number of close allies refused to participate in the operation. In order to garner greater support and provide an international flavor to the intervention, President George W. Bush assembled a "coalition of the willing," ultimately involving about sixty nations. Although some of these countries supplied little more than nominal assistance, fully thirty-seven of them furnished a total of around 150,000 ground forces from the start of the operation through July 2009. These troops conducted security operations; provided reconstruction assistance; operated command-and-control headquarters; and fought, were wounded, and killed alongside U.S. soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines. This temporary alliance was more than just a paper coalition; it involved substantial and important support from our international partners in helping achieve U.S. war aims. It is important that the United States Army and the American people know about and remember the sacrifices of these allies. Allied Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom highlights a number of key aspects of allied support to the U.S.-led operation. The presence of ground forces from so many coalition partners allowed U.S. combat forces to focus their generally superior capabilities in more contested sections of the country. This division of labor served American ends while still ensuring that our partners performed vital work that fully justified their commitment to Iraq's security. These combined operations also strengthened the ties between countries and improved the quality of interoperability between U.S. and coalition troops. Allied support played an important role in stabilizing the situation in Iraq. This short study also underscores the significant challenges that U.S. Army planners faced in Iraqi Freedom in integrating a host of different military partners into U.S. operational plans. Similar issues of working together in a complex military environment will doubtless reoccur in future operations, but the benefits of assembling such coalitions will almost certainly outweigh the problems. The United States cannot fight alone in the current operational environment, and improving the quantity and quality of our interaction with our international partners should continue to be a high priority. I commend this monograph to today's Army to read, gain insight into such combined operations, and reflect on how much support our allies can provide in future military endeavors.
Nearly 1.9 million U.S. troops have been deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq since October 2001. Many service members and veterans face serious challenges in readjusting to normal life after returning home. This initial book presents findings on the most critical challenges, and lays out the blueprint for the second phase of the study to determine how best to meet the needs of returning troops and their families.
The "New York Times" bestselling author of "Weapons of Desert Storm" presentsan informative look into the first war of the 21st century.
From the start of operations in Iraq in March 2003 until mid-2009, ground troops from thirty-seven countries fought at the side of U.S. forces, with many more providing indirect support and assistance. These countries furnished significant military aid to the United States Army and performed vital missions relevant to combat, intelligence, reconstruction, and support operations. The participation of these coalition partners proved critical to the success of the overall mission. Allied Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom examines the achievements and contributions of the allied nations that supplied ground troops to the U.S.-led coalition in Iraq during 2003-2009. It does not cover forces deployed to Iraq under the aegis of the United Nations or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The U.S. military's experience in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM reconfirms the necessity of coalition building in modern warfare, even when the U.S. Army and Marine Corps ground forces shoulder the largest burden. This monograph offers separate sections on each coalition ally and presents basic information about deployed military forces and their general operational experiences in Iraq. It also provides a framework for more detailed histories to follow.
Den amerikanske hærs første officielle historiske beretning om operationerne i den anden Irakiske Krig, "Operation Iraqi Freedom", (OIF). Fra forberedelserne, mobiliseringen, forlægningen af enhederne til indsættelsen af disse i kampene ved Talil og As Samawah, An Najaf og de afsluttende kampe ved Bagdad. Foruden en detaljeret gennemgang af de enkelte kampenheder(Order of Battle), beskrives og analyseres udviklingen i anvendte våben og doktriner fra den første til den anden Golf Krig.
America’s second war against Iraq differed notably from its first. Operation Desert Storm was a limited effort by coalition forces to drive out those Iraqi troops who had seized Kuwait six months before. In contrast, the major combat phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 was a more ambitious undertaking aimed at decisively ending Saddam Hussein’s rule. After several days of intense air strikes against fixed enemy targets, allied air operations began concentrating on Iraqi ground troops. The intended effect was to destroy Iraqi resistance and allow coalition land forces to maneuver without pausing in response to enemy actions. Iraqi tank concentrations were struck with consistently lethal effect, paving the way for an allied entrance into Baghdad that was largely unopposed. Hussein’s regime finally collapsed on April 9. Viewed in hindsight, it was the combination of allied air power as an indispensable enabler and the unexpected rapidity of the allied ground advance that allowed coalition forces to overrun Baghdad before Iraq could mount a coherent defense. In achieving this unprecedented level of performance, allied air power was indispensable in setting the conditions for the campaign’s end. Freedom from attack and freedom to attack prevailed for allied ground forces. The intended effect of allied air operations was to facilitate the quickest capture of Baghdad without the occurrence of any major head-to-head battles on the ground. This impressive short-term achievement, however, was soon overshadowed by the ensuing insurgency that continued for four years thereafter in Iraq. The mounting costs of that turmoil tended, for a time, to render the campaign’s initial successes all but forgotten. Only more recently did the war begin showing signs of reaching an agreeable end when the coalition’s commander put into effect a new counterinsurgency strategy in 2007 aimed at providing genuine security for Iraqi citizens. The toppling of Hussein’s regime ended the iron rule of an odious dictator who had brutalized his people for more than 30 years. Yet the inadequate resourcing with which that goal was pursued showed that any effective plan for a regime takedown must include due hedging against the campaign’s likely aftermath in addition to simply seeing to the needs of major combat. That said, despite the failure of the campaign’s planners to underwrite the first need adequately, those who conducted the three-week offensive in pursuit of regime change performed all but flawlessly, thanks in considerable part to the mostly unobserved but crucial enabling contributions of allied air power.
In the past century, multinational military operations have become the norm; but while contributions from different nations provide many benefits—from expanded capability to political credibility—they also present a number of challenges. Issues such as command and control, communications, equipment standardization, intelligence, logistics, planning, tactics, and training all require consideration. Cultural factors present challenges as well, particularly when language barriers are involved. In Allies in Air Power, experts from around the world survey these operations from the birth of aviation to the present day. Chapters cover conflicts including World War I, multiple theaters of World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, Kosovo, the Iraq War, and various United Nations peacekeeping missions. Contributors also analyze the role of organizations such as the UN, NATO, and so-called "coalitions of the willing" in laying the groundwork for multinational air operations. While multinational military action has become commonplace, there have been few detailed studies of air power cooperation over a prolonged period or across multiple conflicts. The case studies in this volume not only assess the effectiveness of multinational operations over time, but also provide vital insights into how they may be improved in the future.