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Plebiscites, or referendums, are epitomes of direct democracy and the right of self-determination. While direct democracy has always been a key subject in the theory and practice of western liberal democracies, the issue of self-determination has been propelled to the fore by the hegemonistic moves of Russia. By providing a historical analysis of the post-World War One plebiscites, this book deals with enduring, painfully contemporary, and in in any case fundamental, concepts. The contributors to this edited volume approach the referendums comparatively. After grounding the analysis theoretically, the authors look at detailed aspects of individual cases, with the two plebiscites held in the Danish-German border region of Schleswig in the winter of 1920 as points of departure. They then extend the exploration through the inter-war period and address the effects of border delimitations on everyday life or gender roles in the context of ethnic mobilization. Finally, the book places the post-World War One plebiscites in a long-term perspective. The concluding essays assess, among others, the applicability of plebiscitary solutions to contemporary conflicts, taking into consideration issues of borders, religion, language, identity, and minority rights.
Reinhold Wagnleitner argues that cultural propaganda played an enormous part in integrating Austrians and other Europeans into the American sphere during the Cold War. In Coca-Colonization and the Cold War, he shows that 'Americanization' was the result not only of market forces and consumerism but also of systematic planning on the part of the United States. Wagnleitner traces the intimate relationship between the political and economic reconstruction of a democratic Austria and the parallel process of cultural assimilation. Initially, U.S. cultural programs had been developed to impress Europeans with the achievements of American high culture. However, popular culture was more readily accepted, at least among the young, who were the primary target group of the propaganda campaign. The prevalence of Coca-Cola and rock 'n' roll are just two examples addressed by Wagnleitner. Soon, the cultural hegemony of the United States became visible in nearly all quarters of Austrian life: the press, advertising, comics, literature, education, radio, music, theater, and fashion. Hollywood proved particularly effective in spreading American cultural ideals. For Europeans, says Wagnleitner, the result was a second discovery of America. This book is a translation of the Austrian edition, published in 1991, which won the Ludwig Jedlicka Memorial Prize.
A collection of studies by distinguished historians of East Central Europe and European diplomacy on the highly controversial Treaty of Trianon.
eng: Post-World War I, the relations between Austria and the United States have been dealt with almost exclusively from the diplomatic point of view. The split-up of the old Hapsburg empire and the formation of the new Austria were main focus points. This dissertation looks at the relations between the two countries from a different angle. By focusing on Herbert Hoover and his organizations, politics of food come into the center of the analysis. Feeding Austria, and providing technical assistance over an extended period of time were the main interests of the American Relief Administration. Next to the technical side - how was relief furnished, what was done - the ideological aspect is analysed, the transformation of a special form of America, Hoover's American Individualism. It turns out that while help was extensive and helpful, the ultimate goals could not be reached. Neither were school kitchens established as a permanent feature, one of the major interests of the Relief Administration, nor were Hoover's men succesful in establishing economic relations to the US. The dissertation therefore sheds light on a neglected part of Austrian-US-American relations, going away from the narrow paths of classic diplomatic history.