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This report is on the status of US/Polish efforts to reduce air pollution from low emission sources (coalfired house stoves and local boilers) in Krakow, Poland. The region around Krakow in Southern Poland is one of the most heavily polluted areas in the world. In 1989, while visiting Poland, President George Bush made a commitment on behalf of the US to assist in the reclamation of the Krakow environment; Congress in 1990 authorized $20 million to address pollutants from low emissions sources, '' that is, from facilities with low stacks. The low emission sources are responsible for 35 percent of SO(subscript x) emissions, significant NO(subscript x) emissions, and are the primary source of particulate and organic emissions. The Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Project, sponsored by the US Agency for International Development and implemented by the US Department of Energy, is designed to reduce these emissions by improving the efficiency of coal use in Krakow's 130,000 coal stoves and 1300 small coal-fired boilerhouses, by reducing demand for energy for space conditioning through thermal integrity improvements, and/or by switching to alternative fuels. The project includes a comprehensive testing program, engineering analyses, and economic assessments to determine the most attractive strategy for reducing emissions from low emission sources in Krakow; this paper reports on the initial results of the project.
A number of well-known forests have been the object of studies by ecological teams. Every ecologist is familiar with the names of forests such as Whytham Woods in England (Elton 1966), Solling in West Germany (Ellenberg 1971), Hubbard Brook in New Hampshire, U. S. A. (Likens et al. 1977, Bormann and Likens 1979), and ladra6s in Central Sweden (Persson 1980). The number of such team studies grew rapidly during the period of the International Biological Programme (Reichle 1981). Each of these forests represented aspects oflocal and general interest. The Niepolomice Forest in Southern Poland (Fig. 1) does not possess any spectacular features and it may be regarded as a typical forest of the lowlands of continental Europe. Situated in the Vistula River Valley, 20 km east of Cracow (50°07' N, 20°23' E) it consists of two major sections: an extensive pine forest of the Pino-Quercetum type, and a smaller, deciduous, oak-hornbeam- Fig. 1. The location of the Niepolomice Forest in Southern Poland VI Preface Tilio Carpinetum forest. This huge forested area (11,000 ha) owes its survival in one of the most densely populated parts of Europe to a long period of protection as a royal hunting ground. The period of royal protection ended abruptly at the turn of 20th century under the devastating blows of two world wars followed by perhaps an even greater danger, the effects of modern developments in heavy industry.
In the concluding session of the symposium "Acid Deposition, a Challenge for Europe" held in Karlsruhe in September 1983, Dr. GINJAAR, the former Minister of Health and Environmental Protection of the Netherlands, emphasised the need for setting up a concerted research programme including the effects of air pollution on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Council of Ministers of the European Community in 1984 adopted a revision of the 3rd Community Programme on Environment comprising contract research and concerted action in the field of the effects of air pollution in eco systems. These research areas were also introduced in the 4th R-D Community Programme on Environment, adopted by the Council of Ministers in 1986 and are subject again to contract research and concerted action. The Commission of the European Community is very concerned to increase the effectiveness of researcn projects carried out within the national programmes, and those undertaken at the Community level. The Commission tends to develop an integrated scientific approach, including not only the physico-chemical behaviour, the transport and the deposition of airborne pollutants but also the effects of these pollutants, in particular on living organisms and ecosystems. With regard to the specific issue of the effects, the Commission is trying to develop and strengthen a multi-disciplinary approach associating biologists, pathologists, eco physiologists, and specialists of soil sciences, within the concerted action, as well as within coordinated research projects.
The 20th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application was held in Valencia, Spain, during late 1993. At this conference, a new record of abstracts was submitted, a new record of scientists participated, and a new record of countries was represented. This clearly indicates society's continuous and growing interest in, as well as importance of, the complexities associated with the modelling of air pollution. The conference addressed the following main subjects: integrated regional modelling, global and long-range transport, new modelling developments, accidental releases, and model assess ment and verification. In addition, two project-oriented workshops were organized as part of the conference. The many contributing authors and scientists taking active part in the discussions following the papers, have made this proceeding a record of the current status in the field of air pollu tion modelling. We want to express our gratitude to their efforts. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the sponsors that made this conference possible. In addition to financial support from NATOjCCMS the conference received contributions from CEAM, the European Asso ciation for the Science of Air Pollution, Danish Center for Air Research, and Ris0 National Laboratory. A special grant was given by NATOjCCMS to facilitate attendance of scientists from Central and Eastern Europe. We also wish to express our gratitude to Rosa Salvador and Pilar Zamora of CEAM, who laboriously organized the conference pre-proceedings, and to Anne N0rregaard and Ulla Riis Christiansen of Ris0 National Laboratory, who seved as conference secretariat.
The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Leading air quality professionals describe different aspects of air pollution. The book presents information on four broad areas of interest in the air pollution field; the air pollution monitoring; air quality modeling; the GIS techniques to manage air quality; the new approaches to manage air quality. This book fulfills the need on the latest concepts of air pollution science and provides comprehensive information on all relevant components relating to air pollution issues in urban areas and industries. The book is suitable for a variety of scientists who wish to follow application of the theory in practice in air pollution. Known for its broad case studies, the book emphasizes an insightful of the connection between sources and control of air pollution, rather than being a simple manual on the subject.