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This book argues that many mental states, including such conscious states as perceptual experiences and bodily sensations, are identical with brain states.
What are humans? What makes us who we are? Many think that we are just complicated machines, or animals that are different from machines only by being conscious. In Are We Bodies or Souls? Richard Swinburne comes to the defence of the soul and presents new philosophical arguments that are supported by modern neuroscience. When scientific advances enable neuroscientists to transplant a part of brain into a new body, he reasons, no matter how much we can find out about their brain activity or conscious experiences we will never know whether the resulting person is the same as before or somebody entirely new. Swinburne thus argues that we are immaterial souls sustained in existence by our brains. Sensations, thoughts, and intentions are conscious events in our souls that cause events in our brains. While scientists might discover some of the laws of nature that determine conscious events and brain events, each person's soul is an individual thing and this is what ultimately makes us who we are.
Believing that mind-body theories will offer a unified account of mind in its relation to body, Cynthia Macdonald traces the complex history of this theory and focuses on the different arguments of J.J.C. Smart and David Lewis among others.
Several rival theories (dualism, double aspect theory, eliminative materialism, and functionalism) are refuted in this defense of type materialism, wherein sensations are possessed only by human beings and members of related biological species.
Originally published in 1963. In an introductory chapter the author argues that philosophy ought to be more than the art of clarifying thought and that it should concern itself with outlining a scientifically plausible world view. Early chapters deal with phenomenalism and the reality of theoretical entities, and with the relation between the physical and biological sciences. Free will, issues of time and space and man’s place in nature are covered in later chapters.