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This book provides system developers and researchers in natural language processing and computational linguistics with the necessary background information for working with the Arabic language. The goal is to introduce Arabic linguistic phenomena and review the state-of-the-art in Arabic processing. The book discusses Arabic script, phonology, orthography, morphology, syntax and semantics, with a final chapter on machine translation issues. The chapter sizes correspond more or less to what is linguistically distinctive about Arabic, with morphology getting the lion's share, followed by Arabic script. No previous knowledge of Arabic is needed. This book is designed for computer scientists and linguists alike. The focus of the book is on Modern Standard Arabic; however, notes on practical issues related to Arabic dialects and languages written in the Arabic script are presented in different chapters. Table of Contents: What is "Arabic"? / Arabic Script / Arabic Phonology and Orthography / Arabic Morphology / Computational Morphology Tasks / Arabic Syntax / A Note on Arabic Semantics / A Note on Arabic and Machine Translation
This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Practise for your exams on the genuine National 5 Past Papers from the Scottish Qualifications Authority. - Discover how to get your best grade with answers checked by senior examiners - Prepare for your exams with study skills guidance sections - Gain vital extra marks and avoid common mistakes with examiner tips
Louis P. Hammett Mitchill Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Columbia University My interest in linear free energy relationships began when, just out of graduate school, I read in 1924 the article by Bmnsted and Pedersen which for the first time reported the existence of such a relationship. That interest continues to be an active one and, to judge merely by the extensive biblio graphies contained in the present volume, it is widely shared. To my mind a particularly happy aspect of the existence of linear free energy relationships has been the proof it supplies that one need not suppose that the behavior of nature is hopelessly complicated merely because one cannot find a theoretical reason for supposing it to be otherwise. The effect of a substituent in an organic molecule on rate or equilibrium of reaction involves a fourfold difference between relatively large quantities, a situation which always makes for difficult theory. Yet systematic organic chemistry could hardly have existed were it not true that like changes in structure lead to like changes in reactivity. Linear free energy relationships constitute the quantitative specialisation of this fundamental principle, and they stand indeed more in the office of teacher to theory than in that of learner from it.
Nanoparticle technology, which handles the preparation, processing, application and characterisation of nanoparticles, is a new and revolutionary technology. It becomes the core of nanotechnology as an extension of the conventional Fine Particle / Powder Technology. Nanoparticle technology plays an important role in the implementation of nanotechnology in many engineering and industrial fields including electronic devices, advanced ceramics, new batteries, engineered catalysts, functional paint and ink, Drug Delivery System, biotechnology, etc.; and makes use of the unique properties of the nanoparticles which are completely different from those of the bulk materials.This new handbook is the first to explain complete aspects of nanoparticles with many application examples showing their advantages and advanced development. There are handbooks which briefly mention the nanosized particles or their related applications, but no handbook describing the complete aspects of nanoparticles has been published so far.The handbook elucidates of the basic properties of nanoparticles and various nanostructural materials with their characterisation methods in the first part. It also introduces more than 40 examples of practical and potential uses of nanoparticles in the later part dealing with applications. It is intended to give readers a clear picture of nanoparticles as well as new ideas or hints on their applications to create new materials or to improve the performance of the advanced functional materials developed with the nanoparticles.* Introduces all aspects of nanoparticle technology, from the fundamentals to applications.* Includes basic information on the preparation through to the characterization of nanoparticles from various viewpoints * Includes information on nanostructures, which play an important role in practical applications.
Practise for your exams on the genuine National 5 Past Papers from the Scottish Qualifications Authority. - Discover how to get your best grade with answers checked by senior examiners - Prepare for your exams with study skills guidance sections - Gain vital extra marks and avoid common mistakes with examiner tips