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Kurt Hahn had a huge influence on the fields of outdoor and experiential learning, adventure education and, not least, badge schemes (Gordonstoun, Moray, and County Badges; and Duke of Edinburgh Award) throughout the world. This book provides a detailed historical account, centred on Hahn and the movement which surrounded him, of the early development of adventure education up to 1944. This includes an examination of themes present throughout Hahn’s educational endeavours. It looks at Hahn’s founding of Salem School (Germany) in 1920 and then Gordonstoun School (Scotland) in 1934. At both of these fee-paying schools activities such as sailing and hill-walking, often through expeditions lasting more than one day, played a prominent role in the education of the students. At Gordonstoun Hahn expanded his educational ventures, through the use of badge schemes, to include young people from the surrounding district who were not students at his school. Hahn expanded his badge schemes, firstly across the county in which Gordonstoun was situated, Morayshire, and then across Britain. The Outward Bound Sea School was founded by Hahn and Lawrence Holt, a ship-owner, at Aberdovey (Wales) in October 1941. It was a training centre where students could go for four week courses and it followed the badge scheme syllabus. During this period Hahn’s educational vision was one of those that influenced the Norwood Report and consequently the 1944 Education Act in terms of outdoor activities. This act provided the framework within which Outdoor Centres were set up by Local Education Authorities in the UK. This book looks at the various contexts, which came together through Hahn, and which help the reader understand his actions: German educational practice; Hahn’s and Prince Max’s (owner of Salem School) experiences of the First World War and its aftermath and the need to educate people to speak out and act upon their convictions; Hahn’s and Prince Max’s inclusive agenda; British educational practice; the Second World War; and Hahn’s expansionist aims. Kurt Hahn was one of the field’s greatest advocates and this book provides a detailed historical examination of his work and brings light to the complex tapestry of events which led to the rise and development of adventure education.
William Olaf Stapledon is best remembered for the extraordinary works of speculative fiction he published between 1930 and 1950. As a novelist, he was known as the spokesman for the Age of Einstein and has influenced writers as diverse as Virginia Woolf, Arthur C. Clarke, and Doris Lessing. This biography is the first to draw on a vast body of unpublished and private documents—interviews, correspondence, archival material, and papers in private hands—to reveal fully the internal struggles that shaped Stapledon's life and reclaim for public attention a distinctive voice of the modern era. Late in his life in an unpublished "letter to the future" Stapledon unwittingly provided the rationale for his biography: "It is just possible that my very obscurity may fit me to speak more faithfully for my period than any of its great unique personalities. A pacifist in World War I, an advocate of European unity and world government, one of the first teachers in the Workers' Educational Association, and an early protestor against apartheid, Stapledon turned utopian beliefs into practical politics. With roots in the shipping worlds of Devon, Liverpool, and the Suez Canal, he was transformed from a self-described provincial on the margins of English literary and political life into a visionary idealist who attracted the attention of scientists, journalists, and novelists, and, given his left-wing political affiliations, even the F.B.I. Stapledon's novels—Last and First Men, Star Maker, Odd John, and Sirius—have gathered a passionate following, and they have seldom been out of print in the last twenty-five years. But the personal experiences and political commitments that shaped this creative work have, until now, barely been known. Robert Crossley's work reveals how, in public and in private, in his social activism as in his fiction, Olaf Stapledon embodied many of the modern era's anxieties and hopes that allow his works to continue to speak to and for the future.