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This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
The "Gentleman's magazine" section is a digest of selections from the weekly press; the "(Trader's) monthly intelligencer" section consists of news (foreign and domestic), vital statistics, a register of the month's new publications, and a calendar of forthcoming trade fairs.
Biomedical Engineering II: Recent Developments covers some progress made in biochemical engineering, which have some useful application in dentistry, medical instrumentation, and orthopedics. The book provides a detailed testing and analysis of the use of hydroxylapatite as an effective substance for mandibular augmentation of the atrophic ridge. An in-depth report about the technique called the tendon reroute surgery is also given. The book includes a discussion on cardiology hemodynamics, which is about the determination of blood flow by monitoring the speed of blood cell. Another topic covered is the effects of stresses on the vertebral body. A separate section of the book is focused on the modeling and creation of simulation to test the movement of transmicrovascular fluid and protein exchanges. Some topics in the field of bioelectricity, biomechanics, and biocontrol systems are thoroughly discussed. The text will be a useful tool for dentists, orthopedics, doctors, and people in the field of medical physiology.