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Design of Pulse Oximeters describes the hardware and software needed to make a pulse oximeter, and includes the equations, methods, and software required for them to function effectively. The book begins with a brief description of how oxygen is delivered to the tissue, historical methods for measuring oxygenation, and the invention of the pulse oximeter in the early 1980s. Subsequent chapters explain oxygen saturation display and how to use an LED, provide a survey of light sensors, and review probes and cables. The book closes with an assessment of techniques that may be used to analyze pulse oximeter performance and a brief overview of pulse oximetry applications. The book contains useful worked examples, several worked equations, flow charts, and examples of algorithms used to calculate oxygen saturation. It also includes a glossary of terms, instructional objectives by chapter, and references to further reading.
Continuous health monitoring for patients with chronic diseases or people working in high-risk environments has been an interesting topic of research in recent years. In modern medical practice, the blood oxygen level is one of the vital signs of the body alongside blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate. Pulse oximeters provide early information on problems in the respiratory and circulatory systems. They are widely used in intensive care, operating rooms, emergency care, birth and delivery, neonatal and pediatric care, sleep studies, and in veterinary care. Proper signal acquisition in a pulse oximetry system is essential to monitor the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). Since the tissue of finger has a complicated structure, and there is a lack of detailed information on the effect of the light source and detector placement on measuring SpO2, sensor placement plays an important role in this respect. Not enough sensors placed around the finger will have an adverse effect on the light path so high signal quality may become impossible to achieve. The conventional Pulse Oximeters use a finger clip, which uses only one set of LEDs and photodetector (PD). In addition to the inconvenience of the finger clips, the placement of the sensor is not fixed and will be affected by motion artifacts. In this thesis, we present a ring-shaped oximeter that uses six sets of light emitting diodes and photodetectors, uniformly distributed around the finger to identify the best signal path, thus making the signal acquisition immune to ring position on the finger. In addition, this system uses a radio transceiver to eliminate the connection wires to a base station which removes the inconvenience of the tethering and reduce the motion artifacts. In this proof of concept study, this novel ring oximeter is implemented with commercial low power consumption off-the-shelf components mounted on a rigid-flex board that connects to a remote host for signal processing and oxygen level calculation.
Pulse oximetry, a noninvasive circulatory system monitoring technique, has been widely adopted in clinical and homecare applications for the determination of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation, where measurement locations are typically limited to fingertips and earlobes. Prior research indicates a variety of additional clinical parameters that can be derived from a photoplethysmogram (PPG), the fundamental time-domain signal yielded by a pulse oximeter sensor. The gap between this research potential and practical device applications can be decreased by improvements in device design (e.g., sensor performance and geometry, sampling fidelity and reliability, etc.) and PPG signal processing. This thesis documents research focused on a novel pulse oximeter design and the accompanying PPG signal processing and interpretation. The filter-free reflectance design adopted in the module supplements new methods for signal sampling, control, and processing, with a goal to acquire high-fidelity raw data that can provide additional physiologic data for state-of-health analyses. Effective approaches are also employed to improve signal stability and quality, including shift-resistant baseline control, an anti-aliasing sampling frequency, light emitting diode intensity autoregulation, signal saturation inhibition, etc. MATLAB interfaces provide data visualization and processing for multiple applications. A feature detection algorithm (decision-making rule set) is presented as the latest application, which brings the element of intelligence into the pulse oximeter design by enabling onboard signal quality verification. Two versions of the reflectance sensor were designed, built, calibrated, and utilized in data acquisition work. Raw data, which are composed of four channels of signals at a 240 Hz sampling rate and a 12-bit precision, successfully stream to a personal computer via a serial connection or wireless link. Due to the optimized large-area sensor and the intensity autoregulation mechanism, PPG signal acquisition from measurement sites other than fingertips and earlobes, e.g., the wrist, become viable and retain signal quality, e.g., signal-to-noise ratio. With appropriate thresholds, the feature detection algorithm can successfully indicate motion occurrence, signal saturation, and signal quality level. Overall, the experimental results from a variety of subjects and body locations in multiple applications demonstrate high quality PPGs, prototype reliability, and prospects for further research value.
The rise of wearable technology has enabled continuous fitness and health monitoring. Continuous health monitoring is seen as a very powerful tool for preventative health care. The development of advanced sensors and better devices allow for more comprehensive monitoring and wider adoption. Wearable devices commonly use PPG based pulse oximetry to measure heart rate and oxygen saturation, two very important health metrics, although limitation in their design prevent them from being very practical from a health monitoring perspective. This research presents the design and development of a novel wearable pulse oximeter device that attempts to overcome limitations of existing devices. All aspects of the device design including mechanical form factor, electrical circuit and embedded software are covered in length. The resulting device, Earox, is an ear-based design that clips on the ear lobe to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation for two weeks on a single charge.