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As an increasing number of social scientists have pointed out, the process of desegregation in the public schools presents a rare opportunity for basic social science research. Whereas it has been illegal in seventeen border and southern states for white and negro children to attend the same schools, now in many communities it is legal for them to do so. In March, 1955, the Kansas City, Missouri Board of Education implemented the 1954 Supreme Court decision by announcing that all of its schools would be desegregated as of September 1, 1955. Here was a clear-cut change in administrative policy which would bring about changes in local schools and in individual classrooms. One might say that a desegregated classroom would be a "ready-made social laboratory" where one might study what happens when people of different races meet and begin to work together. This study focused on the teacher who was assumed to be one of the key persons in such a transitional period. Since he was in close touch, not only with students but also with other teachers, parents, and many persons in the larger community, it seemed evident that his attitudes would be important in determining how desegregation of schools might work out. This was an exploratory "experimental" study, testing in the fall and in the spring (with both quantitative and qualitative instruments) teachers' attitudes toward intergroup relations in their classrooms during the first year of desegregation in the Kansas City, Missouri, public schools, 1955-56. The subjects were 114 teachers of both white and negro races who taught in the first and sixth grades. The "control group" was composed of those teaching in segregated classrooms; the "experimental group", those teaching in desegregated classrooms. This study seeks to explore two questions: 1. Will there be change in teachers' attitudes toward intergroup relations in their classrooms during this first year of desegregation? 2. What are some of the socio-psychological correlates of this change or lack of change in attitudes? The major hypothesis of this study was that there would be a significant difference in desegregated and segregated teachers' change in attitudes toward intergroup relations in their classrooms. This hypothesis, tested with the "Intergroup Relations Test", was confirmed. The nature of this difference was that more of the desegregated teachers became "inconsistent" in their attitudes during the year and their actual change scores were higher than were those of the segregated teachers. It was not concluded that desegregation operated automatically "out there" to effect change "within" the teacher. Rather, it was suggested that the "induced force" of desegregation had interacted with the teachers' "own forces" (i.e., values, concept of the teacher's role, etc.) and immediate classroom "situational" factors (here, the three intergroup problem areas built into the test), to gring about such change. It seemed feasible that a break-up in former attitudes had begun and that clarification and in-service training during such a transitional period might help toward more "favorable" attitude change. It was postulated that many conditions reported in the literature to facilitate "favorable" attitude change were probably not present during this first year of desegregation. The four secondary hypotheses concerned the relationship between attitude change and seleced socio-psychological variables: grade-taught, race of teacher, "authoritarianism" (Fall "F" score), and age, years-taught, and mobility of the teacher. With few exceptions, these variables were shown to be not significantly related to attitude change in this study. Utilizing qualitative data from interviews, which were held with a representative sample of the teachers, several hypotheses were suggested for further research. It was postulated that such interpersonal variables as equal-status contacts (made possible by integrating faculties), strong local administrative support, and favorable group norms at the local level may be important concomitants of "attitude change", as compared with the relatively "static" socio-psychological variables studied here.
Confronting a reality that many policy makers would prefer to ignore, contributors to this volume offer the latest information on the trend toward the racial and socioeconomic resegregation of southern schools. In the region that has achieved more widespread public school integration than any other since 1970, resegregation, combined with resource inequities and the current "accountability movement," is now bringing public education in the South to a critical crossroads. In thirteen essays, leading thinkers in the field of race and public education present not only the latest data and statistics on the trend toward resegregation but also legal and policy analysis of why these trends are accelerating, how they are harmful, and what can be done to counter them. What's at stake is the quality of education available to both white and nonwhite students, they argue. This volume will help educators, policy makers, and concerned citizens begin a much-needed dialogue about how America can best educate its increasingly multiethnic student population in the twenty-first century. Contributors: Karen E. Banks, Wake County Public School System, Raleigh, N.C. John Charles Boger, University of North Carolina School of Law Erwin Chemerinsky, Duke Law School Charles T. Clotfelter, Duke University Susan Leigh Flinspach, University of California, Santa Cruz Erica Frankenberg, Harvard Graduate School of Education Catherine E. Freeman, U.S. Department of Education Jay P. Heubert, Teachers College, Columbia University Jennifer Jellison Holme, University of California, Los Angeles Michal Kurlaender, Harvard Graduate School of Education Helen F. Ladd, Duke University Luis M. Laosa, Kingston, N.J. Jacinta S. Ma, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Gary Orfield, Harvard Graduate School of Education Gregory J. Palardy, University of Georgia john a. powell, Ohio State University Sean F. Reardon, Stanford University Russell W. Rumberger, University of California, Santa Barbara Benjamin Scafidi, Georgia State University David L. Sjoquist, Georgia State University Jacob L. Vigdor, Duke University Amy Stuart Wells, Teachers College, Columbia University John T. Yun, University of California, Santa Barbara
This volume is of great practical value for it is a series of case studies of communities that have made the change-over from biracial public schools to integrated systems. The experience of these communities offers the best available guide to the solutio
Praise for The Unfinished Agenda of Brown V. Board of Education "My father, Oliver L. Brown, for whom Brown v. Board of Education is named, was a proud member of a group of a few hundred people, across the country, who took risks by taking a stand for what they believed. He died in 1961, just seven years after the case, so he didn't live long enough to know that Brown would become the foundation on which so much of this country's civil and human rights initiatives would rest. Brown v. Board became important for every citizen, not just African Americans. It shows that the founding documents of our country provided us with sovereign rights that cannot be restricted by state and local governments. That decision impacted the lives of women, persons with disabilities, blacks, whites, Hispanics, Asians, and everyone living in this country. Brown was significant in attacking the silence. It opened up a dialogue and forced the country to take on greater responsibility; we at every level had to start addressing the issue of race. In many ways, once the dialogue started, we finally began to under stand the depths of racism. This case was about gaining access to educational resources; the resources were and remain where the white children are. The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education is about renewing and continuing the promise of Brown." -Cheryl Brown Henderson, president of the Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence, and Research, and daughter of Oliver L. Brown, one of the thirteen plaintiffs in Brown v. Board of Education