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Ada* is unquestionably one of the most significant programming languages to emerge in the last decade. The manner of its inception and support by the US Department of Defense (DoD) ensures that it will be used extensively for the indefinite future in programming large and complex systems. The growing availability of compilers means that many organisations are already committed to using the language for sizable and significant applications. As a perhaps inevitable result of its design goals, Ada is a "large" language. It has Pascal-like control and type constructs; a mechanism for exception handling; a package structure for information hiding, decomposition and separate compilation; facilities for low-level programming; and a tasking model of concurrency. It is perhaps this last area that has generated most debate, criticism and disagreement. The purpose of this book is to review the tasking model in the light of the extensive analysis and comment which has appeared in the literature. The review is necessarily wide-ranging, including discussion of - Ada as a general purpose concurrent programming language, - Ada as a language for embedded and distributed systems, - implementation issues, with particular reference to distributed systems, - formal semantics, specification and verification, - proposed language modifications. By consolidating this discussion within the confines of a single review, potential users of the tasking facility are enabled to familiarise themselves with all the factors which may impinge upon the performance, reliability and correctness of their software. The book also provides a focus for any debate on modifications to the Ada language, or developments from it.
A major feature of the Ada programming language is the facilities it provides for concurrent programming. Alan Burns and Andy Wellings provide here a thorough and self-contained account of concurrent programming in Ada, and so show users, even beginners, how to harness the full power of the whole language. After giving an overview of the non-concurrent features of Ada, the authors proceed to examine in detail the uses of concurrent programming and the inherent difficulties in providing inter-process communication. The Ada tasking model is then introduced; the way it deals with these and related matters is explained in a number of separate chapters, covering system programming, real-time issues, distribution, object-oriented programming and re-use. This is the first book which deals with concurrent features in the new Ada standard, and it offers practical advice to the programmer needing to use it for embedded systems, while those interested more broadly in the development of programming languages will find many otherwise inaccessible issues probed in depth. It will thus be of value to professional software engineers and advanced students of programming alike; indeed, every Ada programmer will find it essential reading and a primary reference work. For the paperback edition the authors have made revisions throughout the text, updating and correcting where appropriate.
Ada 95: The Craft of Object-oriented Programming is a beginner's introduction to Ada 95 which uses an example-driven approach that gradually develops small trivial programs into large case studies. The main emphasis of this exciting new publication is on using object-oriented technology to write maintainable, extensible programs. Program design concepts are introduced throughout the text, using maintenance scenarios to highlight shortcomings and produce improved designs. Practical issues such as debugging techniques are tackled, and important Ada features not found in other languages are dealt with early in the text. These include exception handling, user-defined types, procedures, functions, packages and child packages. Ada 95: The Craft of Object-oriented Programming is essential reading for anybody who requires a comprehensive guide to the Ada 95 programming language. Key features: Example-driven approach with examples developed gradually throughout the text, emphasis upon maintenance and maintainability of programs, in-chapter problems and end-of-chapter exercises, and worked examples and case studies throughout the text to aid student learning.
This book provides a hands-on introduction to concurrent programming principles and techniques. Pascal FC (Functionally Concurrent), a teaching version of the Pascal language available from the authors, is used to illustrate the main techniques used in the concurrency models. Once programmers have grasped the concepts, a smooth transition is made to more advanced theoretical material.
A look at the extraordinary ways the brain turns thoughts into actions—and how this shapes our everyday lives Why is it hard to text and drive at the same time? How do you resist eating that extra piece of cake? Why does staring at a tax form feel mentally exhausting? Why can your child expertly fix the computer and yet still forget to put on a coat? From making a cup of coffee to buying a house to changing the world around them, humans are uniquely able to execute necessary actions. How do we do it? Or in other words, how do our brains get things done? In On Task, cognitive neuroscientist David Badre presents the first authoritative introduction to the neuroscience of cognitive control—the remarkable ways that our brains devise sophisticated actions to achieve our goals. We barely notice this routine part of our lives. Yet, cognitive control, also known as executive function, is an astonishing phenomenon that has a profound impact on our well-being. Drawing on cutting-edge research, vivid clinical case studies, and examples from daily life, Badre sheds light on the evolution and inner workings of cognitive control. He examines issues from multitasking and willpower to habitual errors and bad decision making, as well as what happens as our brains develop in childhood and change as we age—and what happens when cognitive control breaks down. Ultimately, Badre shows that cognitive control affects just about everything we do. A revelatory look at how billions of neurons collectively translate abstract ideas into concrete plans, On Task offers an eye-opening investigation into the brain’s critical role in human behavior.