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Microfluidics is emerging to be one of the fast growing fields of technology in the present world. Microfluidics-based biochips consist of micro arrays on rigid substrates through which movement of microfluids is controlled to facilitate biological and chemical reactions. Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize biosensing, clinical diagnostics and drug discovery. Due to the underlying mixed technology and mixed energy domains, such biochips exhibit unique failure mechanisms and defects .Hence, it is very critical to have a robust testing algorithm which would not only increase the level of system dependability but will also reduce the latency of previous test techniques without causing the phenomenon of flooding. In this report, we present a unique offline test technique by which fault diagnosis is done by retrieving droplets along paths used to send the test droplet. The test technique, apart from reducing latency of previous test techniques also resolves the problem of flooding; major issue present in the previous test techniques. We further on describe a method of reconfiguration of the bio-assays' traversal paths by routing around diagnosed faults to minimize latency for offline testing of the biochip.
This book describes for researchers in the fields of compiler technology, design and test, and electronic design automation the new area of digital microfluidic biochips (DMBs), and thus offers a new application area for their methods. The authors present a routing-based model of operation execution, along with several associated compilation approaches, which progressively relax the assumption that operations execute inside fixed rectangular modules. Since operations can experience transient faults during the execution of a bioassay, the authors show how to use both offline (design time) and online (runtime) recovery strategies. The book also presents methods for the synthesis of fault-tolerant application-specific DMB architectures. · Presents the current models used for the research on compilation and synthesis techniques of DMBs in a tutorial fashion; · Includes a set of “benchmarks”, which are presented in great detail and includes the source code of most of the techniques presented, including solutions to the basic compilation and synthesis problems; · Discusses several new research problems in detail, using numerous examples.
This book focuses on unhealthy cyber-physical systems. Consisting of 14 chapters, it discusses recognizing the beginning of the fault, diagnosing the appearance of the fault, and stopping the system or switching to a special control mode known as fault-tolerant control. Each chapter includes the background, motivation, quantitative development (equations), and case studies/illustration/tutorial (simulations, experiences, curves, tables, etc.). Readers can easily tailor the techniques presented to accommodate their ad hoc applications.
Microfluidic biochips have been widely used as an alternative to traditional laboratory equipment. They offer a considerable advantage over traditional equipment when the reduction in cost, area and efforts is considered. A lot of research has been done on designing general purpose, cost-effective architectures and also on methods to automate the mapping of assays on to these biochips. Biochips are susceptible to failures due to various reasons such as manufacturing defects, wear and tear etc. We propose a fault tolerant scheduling algorithm which reconfigures the DMFBs in the presence of such faults. A faulty module (for example a mixer with 2x5 electrodes) can be reconfigured using a droplet routing approach that routes droplet, avoiding the faulty electrodes. We observe an average 23% reduction in the assay completion time, when compared to a DMFB with a faulty module. We further extend this routing-based approach to propose an algorithm to map assays to DMFBs. Most of the previous work on mapping assays assumes the presence of virtual modules on DMFBs and schedules operations on them. In our work we propose a deterministic greedy algorithm that routes the droplet on a random sequence of electrodes rather than restricting it to a virtual module to execute the operation. Our algorithm moves the droplets on the DMFB such that the operation is completed in the minimum possible time. The results show approximately 43% reduction in assay completion time, when compared to traditional module based mapping algorithm on a FPGA style DMFB array, and 26% improvement compared to the randomized routing - based synthesis algorithm GRASP.
This book describes fault tolerance techniques based on software and hardware to create hybrid techniques. They are able to reduce overall performance degradation and increase error detection when associated with applications implemented in embedded processors. Coverage begins with an extensive discussion of the current state-of-the-art in fault tolerance techniques. The authors then discuss the best trade-off between software-based and hardware-based techniques and introduce novel hybrid techniques. Proposed techniques increase existing fault detection rates up to 100%, while maintaining low performance overheads in area and application execution time.
This book aims at information estimate methods when faults occur. It uses the model built from the plant or process, to detect and isolate failures, in contrast to traditional hardware or statistical technologies dealing with failures. It presents model-based learning and design methods for fault detection, isolation and identification.
Microfluidics technology offers stimulating possibilities in the dominion of enzymatic analysis, DNA and proteomic analysis involving proteins and peptides, immunoassays, surgical drug delivery devices, and environmental toxicity monitoring. Microfluidics- based biochips automate repetitive laboratory tasks by replacing burdensome equipment with miniaturized and integrated systems, and they enable the handling of micro/nano-liter volumes of fluids. Thus, compared to previous methods, they are able to provide accurate detection results at significantly lower costs and higher throughput. The digital microfluidic-based biochips provide promising results and offer high levels of architectural reconfiguration for conducting operations of bio assays. As the complexities of operations and the bio-chip sizes increase, there are demands for fast, robust and automated testing techniques. Previous methods of testing of these chips either detected only single faults or were conducted manually to detect multiple faults. This proved to be extremely laborious. This article describes a testing technique that detects and locates multiple faults avoiding damages like flooding or contamination of the bio assays. It further defines an optimization technique to speed up the execution of bio assays by intelligently designing architectures and mapping them on the bio chips.