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This glossary is based upon the Aramaic inscriptions edited by the French Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in the second part of the 'Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum' comprising some three hundred inscriptions from Assyria, Babylonia, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Palestine. To these have been added about seven hundred Sinaitic inscriptions collected and edited by Euting, and one hundred and fifty Palmyrene inscriptions published by the Comte de Vogue in La Syrie Centrale. In addition, Cook consulted various journals devoted to Semitic studies and added other numerous Palmyrene inscriptions.
The documents here published are all instructions of an official or semi-official nature issued by the Persian satrap of Egypt or other high-ranking Persian officers to subordinate Persian administrative officers in Egypt; only one contains instructions from the satrap to Persian and Babylonian officers commanding districts on the way from Babylonia to Syria. All are drafted in the form of private letters, but, thanks to the high position of the senders, several of them refer to or are concerned with affairs of considerable public importance. The letters deal for the most part with a single subject, the administration of the domain-lands in Egypt held by highly placed Persian officers and the difficulties arising out of the mutual relations of the local officers of the administration to one another and to the subject population. The problems raised in them are the collection and transport of the revenues of these domains, the assignment of a father's revenues to a son who has succeeded to his office, the transfer of a domain to a deceased tenant's son, a summons to appear before the satrap, measures to be taken for the protection of the satrap's property and for recruiting additional staff for employment on his estate, the release of soldiers wrongfully seized and detained, an order to a negligent officer to carry out his instructions, the reprimand of an officer who has disobeyed an order to assign or transfer some men to another officer and has, moreover, been guilty of robbery, assault and battery, and the punishment of servants or slaves who have robbed the officer in charge of them and run away. --from the Introduction
In the first centuries AD, although much of the Near East was ruled by Rome, the main local language was Aramaic, and the people who lived inside or on the fringes of the area controlled by the Romans frequently wrote their inscriptions and legal documents in their own local dialects of this language. This book introduces these fascinating early texts to a wider audience, by presenting a representative sample, comprising eighty inscriptions and documents in the following dialects: Nabataean, Jewish, Palmyrene, Syriac, and Hatran. Detailed commentaries on the texts are preceded by chapters on history and culture and on epigraphy and language. The linguistic commentaries will help readers who have a knowledge of Hebrew or Arabic or one of the Aramaic dialects to understand the difficulties involved in interpreting such materials. The translations and more general comments will be of great interest to classicists and ancient historians.
The North-West Semitic epigraphic contributes considerably to our understanding of the Old Testament and of the Ugaritic texts and to our knowledge of the North-West Semitic languages as such. This dictionary is concerned with the North-West Semitic material found in inscriptions, papyri and ostraca in Phoenician, Punic, Hebrew, various forms of Aramaic, Ammonite, Edomite, the language of Deir Alla et cetera. The material covers the period from ca. 1000 B.C. to ca. 300 A.D. Besides translations, the entries include discussions and full references to scholarly literature. The book is a translated, updated and considerably augmented edition of Jean & Hoftijzer, Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l'ouest. The additions concern newly found texts as well as references to new scholarly literature. The book is an indispensable tool for research in North-West Semitic epigraphy, on the Old Testament and on Ugaritic texts, and for Semitic linguistics. Please note that this version is an unrevised reprint of the original version published in 1995.
A representative sample of 80 inscriptions and documents in various local Aramaic dialects, dating from the first centuries BC, when the Near East was under Roman rule. Detailed commentaries on the texts, chapters on history and culture and on epigraphy and language, and English translations are also provided.
The description, location, chronology, and nature of the bilingual archive from Ma'lana, called Ma'allanate by Assyriologists, is followed by the up-dated analysis of all the Aramaic texts and epigraphs, as well as of the proper names, occurring there or related to them. This material, so far scattered in a dozen of different publications, is now collected and reorganized in four chapters. All the texts dealt with date to ca. 700-620 B.C., from the office tenure of Hadddiy, the palace prefect of Queen Naqi'a/Zakutu, to the time of Sehr-nuri under the reign of Sîn-sarra-iskun. These chapters are followed by a palaeographic study of the inscriptions, presented with facsimiles, a detailed grammatical analysis, and a study of the legal contents of the deeds in light of parallel documents. There follow indices of proper names, subjects treated, sources used, and modern authors. A list of illustrations completes the volume.
This multivolume work is still proving to be as fundamental to Old Testament studies as its companion set, the Kittel-Friedrich Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, has been to New Testament studies. Beginning with father, and continuing through the alphabet, the TDOT volumes present in-depth discussions of the key Hebrew and Aramaic words in the Old Testament. Leading scholars of various religious traditions (including Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Greek Orthodox, and Jewish) and from many parts of the world (Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have been carefully selected for each article by editors Botterweck, Ringgren, and Fabry and their consultants, George W. Anderson, Henri Cazelles, David Noel Freedman, Shemaryahu Talmon, and Gerhard Wallis. The intention of the writers is to concentrate on meaning, starting from the more general, everyday senses and building to an understanding of theologically significant concepts. To avoid artificially restricting the focus of the articles, TDOT considers under each keyword the larger groups of words that are related linguistically or semantically. The lexical work includes detailed surveys of a word s occurrences, not only in biblical material but also in other ancient Near Eastern writings. Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian, Ethiopic, Ugaritic, and Northwest Semitic sources are surveyed, among others, as well as the Qumran texts and the Septuagint; and in cultures where no cognate word exists, the authors often consider cognate ideas. TDOT s emphasis, though, is on Hebrew terminology and on biblical usage. The contributors employ philology as well as form-critical and traditio-historical methods, with the aim of understanding the religious statements in the Old Testament. Extensive bibliographical information adds to the value of this reference work. This English edition attempts to serve the needs of Old Testament students without the linguistic background of more advanced scholars; it does so, however, without sacrificing the needs of the latter. Ancient scripts (Hebrew, Greek, etc.) are regularly transliterated in a readable way, and meanings of foreign words are given in many cases where the meanings might be obvious to advanced scholars. Where the Hebrew text versification differs from that of English Bibles, the English verse appears in parentheses. Such features will help all earnest students of the Bible to avail themselves of the manifold theological insights contained in this monumental work.