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How can we approach the Commission's role as co-manager of policy implementation? Why should we expect the Commission to be pulled into domestic policy execution and to accumulate something like an implementation management capacity? How should we conceptualise the Commission's linkage with post-decision management issues? Finally, how does the Commission's involvement in the application of EU policies, if any, significantly change everything? Such questions are answered in this study, which is concerned with what may be called the implementation management capacity of the European Commission. Simply put, this is the role the Commission plays in the implementation of large-scale European spending programmes. While it is true that the Commission's predominant prerogatives are to draft legislation and facilitate bargaining, it also has a role in post-decision policy management. This role is of increasing importance for the emerging governance of the European Union. Readership: social scientists, journalists and all those interested in the role of the European Commission in shaping EU policies.
The present publication constitutively expands the field of discourse on the topic of basic income and explores the possibilities of its introduction as well as the opportunities and risks. Although all visionary proposals for an unconditional basic income (BGE) have so far not been implemented politically, at least in democratically constituted welfare states, the question of implementation or the conditions for success and the identification of possible blockades have only been dealt with marginally. Recent publications on a BGE also show this political-institutional "blindness" and do not address enough the reasons for the failure so far. Without a transfer strategy, however, the idea will fail in Germany due to such implementation naivety. In this book, therefore, the state of the debate on basic income is developed further to the extent that it is integrated into welfare-state development processes and current challenges for the "safeguarding of social security". In addition, a social-scientific classification of hitherto visionary guarantee elements of a basic income model is undertaken, linking up with the "silent" change to a socially investing state.
This textbook describes the physics of the plastic deformation of solids at high temperatures. It is directed at geologists or geophysicists interested in the high-temperature behaviour of crystals who wish to become acquainted with the methods of materials science in so far as they are useful to earth scientists. It explains the most important models and recent experimental results without losing the reader in the primary literature of materials science. In turn the book deals with the essential solid-state physics; thermodynamics and hydrostatics of creep; creep models and their applications in the geological sciences; diffusion creep; superplastic deformation and deformation enhanced by phase transformations. Five concluding chapters give experimental results for metals, ceramics and minerals. There are extensive bibliographies to aid further study.
This collection is organized around the central theme of “Martensite by Design.” Contributions include design, microstructure, properties, advanced processing and manufacturing, performance, phase transformations, and characterization.
Political, social, and economic transformation is a complex historical phenomenon. It can adequately be analysed only by a multidisciplinary approach. The Handbook brings together an international team of scholars who are specialists in their respective research fields. It introduces the most important areas, theories, and methods in transformation research, with particular attention placed on the historical and comparative dimension. Although focussing on post-communist and other democratic transformations in our epoch, the Handbook therefore presents and discusses not only their problems, paths, and developments, but also deals with the antecedent 'waves', beginning with the Meiji Restoration in Japan in 1868 and its aftermath. The book is structured into six parts. Starting with basic concepts as systems, actors, and institutions (Section I), it gives an overview over major theoretical approaches and research methods (Sections II and III). The connection of theory and method with their application is essential, allowing special insights into the past and opens analytical avenues for transformation research in the future. Section (IV) provides a historically oriented description or interpretation of particular 'waves' or types of societal transformation. With a clear focus on present transformations, the contributions to Section V provide a description and discussion of the problems, structures, actors, and courses of the transformations within different spheres of (civil) society, politics, law, and economics. Finally, brief lexicographic entries in Section VI delineate research perspectives and facts about relevant issues of societal transformation. Each of the 79 contributions contains a concise list of the most important research literature.
Nickel-Titanium alloys are smart materials exhibiting unique properties such as superelasticity and shape-memory effect. The material has been used as orthodontic wires in the dental field for over 20 years. This book is a comprehensive overview to the field of Ni-Ti Materials and the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of this versatile alloy. In addition, complications and challenges exhibited in applications are also discussed.
Perspectives in Creep Fracture is a collection of studies that covers the advances in the analysis of the mechanisms involved in the process of creep fracture. The book presents nine articles that present data and discuss the theoretical advancement in the field. The text first covers the mechanisms leading to fracture in metals and ceramics, and then proceeds to tackling the problem of the nucleation of creep damage. Next, the book details the models for the growth of cracks and voids by diffusion and by plastic processes. The next two chapters deal with the creep fracture of ceramics. In the eighth chapters, the text examines the development and propagation of creep cracks. The last chapter details the theory involved in the propagation of cracks by cavitation. The book will be of great interest to researchers and practitioners of materials engineering, metallurgy, and other fields involved in fracture mechanics.
In recent years, the application of composites and nanocomposites has been increasing steadily in industries such as aerospace, automotive, marine, and civil engineering. It is among the most complex and crucial aspects of the mechanics of a deformable solid, due to several specific phenomena and analytic factors arising from cyclic loading. The problems are primarily associated with the development of fatigue damage, and the need to assess the cyclic and structural instability of composite and nanocomposite materials. The study of structural strength under cyclic loading has gained much attention, especially in aircraft manufacturing, power engineering, aviation, and rocket technology. Cyclic loading significantly reduces creep-fatigue lifespan during the entire frequency range. It is clear that characteristics such as endurance limit, static creep limits and long-term static strength will not suffice in the design criteria for fatigue life. New aspects have emerged in high-temperature strength - cyclical creep and long-term cyclic strength, leading to the creation of new methods and means of determining the resistance of composites and nanocomposites materials and continuum damage development under cyclic loading to the creation of appropriate physical models. Particularly relevant is the intensification of creep by high-frequency cyclic loading in composite materials, which usually occurs at high temperatures. Most studies in the field of cyclic creep are experimental, and the direct use of number of cycles to define damage model cannot escape the empirical relation that predicts multi-stress level fatigue life well. The book presents new phenomenological cyclic creep – fatigue models for describing the fatigue life and behavior of time-dependent composites and nanocomposites. Since the main difference between the creep process from the fatigue process is that from a physical point of view, the first is quasi-static, and the second is dynamic. Therefore, the functions of creep should reflect the oscillatory nature of the fatigue process. The results are supported by step-by-step practical design examples and will be useful for practicing structural engineers, code developers as well as research and university faculty.
Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones bridges the gap between the classic plate tectonic theory and new emerging ideas, offering an assessment of the state-of-the-art, pending questions, and future directions in the study of transform plate boundaries and fracture zones. The book includes a number of case studies and reviews on both oceanic and continental tectonic settings. Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones is a timely reference for a variety of researchers, including geophysicists, seismologists, structural geologists and tectonicists, as well as specialists in exploration geophysics and natural hazards. This book can also be used as an up-to-date reference at universities in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. - Reviews ideas and concepts about transform plate boundaries and fracture zones - Includes a variety of case studies on both oceanic and continental settings - Addresses innovative and provocative ideas about the activity of fracture zones and transform faults and their impacts to the human society