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The publication of Isaac Newton's Principia in 1689 marked an epoch in the history of science. Newton's work came to be seen as a new paradigm for science-not only the solution to the problem of planetary motion, but also a theory of mechanics and, perhaps more importantly, a new method for approaching a wide range of scientific problems. However, as scholars created what came to be known as Newtonianism, they faced the problem of presenting it to students. Newton's own book was rather forbidding, and as an astronomical text, it lacked a discussion of many other important aspects of experimental philosophy. Richard Helsham (1682-1738) faced this problem in his course of lectures at Trinity College in Dublin in the early decades of the eighteenth century. As a youth, Helsham had been a contemporary of George Berkeley at Kilkenny College and shared his interest in the new science. Helsham then became a medical doctor. Jonathan Swift described him in affectionate terms several times in his writings, calling him "the most eminent physician in this city and kingdom." Helsham saw Newton's method as the key to progress in all areas of science. Having lectured on natural philosophy since the opening of the medical laboratory at Trinity College in 1711, he was appointed professor of natural and experimental philosophy in 1724 and in 1733 added the position of professor of physick (medicine). Helsham's lectures on natural philosophy were so well received that they were published just after his death. With its intuitive explanations and its coverage of all the major topics of physic, A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy was reprinted at least seven times from 1739 to 1818 and was used as a standard work in the course at Trinity College in Dublin up until 1850. One of the very first textbooks on Newtonian physics, the book provides a remarkable window into the early development of Newtonian physics in a very readable contemporary form. An appealing aspect of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy is its familiarity to modern students of physics. Treated in much the same way as a modern introductory course in physics, 23 lectures cover topics such as gravitation, central forces, the composition of motion, collision, simple machines, friction, motion down an inclined plane, projectile motion, hydrostatics, pneumatics, sound, and light. The emphasis is on conveying the ideas and describing the experimental evidence while keeping mathematics to a minimum by concentrating only on simple geometry and algebra. With eleven plates of illustrations, the book contains four appendices that investigate problems, including non-elastic collisions, motion through a resisting medium, and the motion of water through pipes. This edition includes a preface by the editors, setting the book in the context of the Newtonian revolution in physics and the history of Trinity College.
Consisting of a series of case studies, this book is devoted to the concept and uses of salt in early modern science, which have played a crucial role in the evolution of matter theory from Aristotelian concepts of the elements to Newtonian chymistry. No reliable study on this subject has been previously available. Its exploration of natural history’s and medicine’s intersection with chemical investigation in early modern England demonstrates the growing importance of the senses and experience as causes of intellectual change from 1650-1750. It demonstrates that an understanding of the changing definitions of “salt” is also crucial to a historical comprehension of the transition between alchemy and chemistry.
Robert Schofield explores the rational elements of British experimental natural philosophy in the 18th century by tracing the influence of two opposing concepts of the nature of matter and its action—mechanism and materialism. Both concepts rested on the Newtonian interpretation of their proponents, although each developed more or less independently. By integrating the developments in all the areas of experimental natural philosophy, describing their connections and the influences of Continental science, natural theology, and to a lesser degree social and institutional changes, the author demonstrates that mechanistic concepts dominated interpretations from about 1687 to 1740, when they were replaced by materialistic concepts. A revival of the mechanistic approach early in the next century made England a fertile field for ideas on the dynamic interaction of forces. Originally published in 1970. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.