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Designed to reform contemporary British society, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s The Tatler (1709-1711) and The Spectator (1711-1712, 1714) rely heavily on the representation of contemporary manners. In shaping such behavioural images, the authors made use of the satirical character sketch. Their character sketches (re)create social interactions between fictionalised representatives of moral types of men and women located in contemporary London. This study examines how Addison and Steele employed the character sketch to create a ‘cosmography’ of (wo)man by actively engaging with the observational approaches of contemporary naturalists. Addison and Steele adapted distinctly empirical methods (e.g. induction and deduction, note taking, repeated and collective observation) and appropriated the (medico-legal) case study to communicate and disseminate socio-moral knowledge. At the same time, the character sketch served them as a means to establish a taxonomic order of the socio-moral knowledge conveyed in the texts. The study sheds new light on the literary techniques and the methodological frameworks of two journals essentially associated with the British - and the European - Enlightenment.
One of the most skilful forgeries of the Middle Ages, the Cosmography of Aethicus Ister has puzzled scholars for over 150 years, not least because of its challenging Latinity. Written at a western centre in the first part of the eighth century, the work purports to be a heavily censored epitome made by St. Jerome of a cosmography by an Istrian philosopher named Aethicus. This writer, who is otherwise unknown, describes a flat-earth universe resembling that of Cosmas Indicopleustes, then gives an eye-witness account of his travels to the isles of the gentiles in the North and East. There he encounters not only savage races, but also monsters, Amazons, and other figures of mythology. Alexander the Great also figures prominently by immuring the unclean races, who will escape to ravage the world at the coming of the Anti-Christ. Not all is fiction. The author's observations on volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis will interest the scientific reader. The last part deals in coded fashion with contemporary events in the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans, and may provide a clue to the author's origins. The present volume offers a new critical text, the first translation, and a detailed commentary covering every aspect of the work.
When the ancient Greeks looked up into the heavens, they saw not just sun and moon, stars and planets, but a complete, coherent universe, a model of the Good that could serve as a guide to a better life. How this view of the world came to be, and how we lost it (or turned away from it) on the way to becoming modern, make for a fascinating story, told in a highly accessible manner by Rémi Brague in this wide-ranging cultural history. Before the Greeks, people thought human action was required to maintain the order of the universe and so conducted rituals and sacrifices to renew and restore it. But beginning with the Hellenic Age, the universe came to be seen as existing quite apart from human action and possessing, therefore, a kind of wisdom that humanity did not. Wearing his remarkable erudition lightly, Brague traces the many ways this universal wisdom has been interpreted over the centuries, from the time of ancient Egypt to the modern era. Socratic and Muslim philosophers, Christian theologians and Jewish Kabbalists all believed that questions about the workings of the world and the meaning of life were closely intertwined and that an understanding of cosmology was crucial to making sense of human ethics. Exploring the fate of this concept in the modern day, Brague shows how modernity stripped the universe of its sacred and philosophical wisdom, transforming it into an ethically indifferent entity that no longer serves as a model for human morality. Encyclopedic and yet intimate, The Wisdom of the World offers the best sort of history: broad, learned, and completely compelling. Brague opens a window onto systems of thought radically different from our own.
Leonardo Da Vinci's Elements of the Science of Man describes how Da Vinci integrates his mechanical observations and experiments in mechanics into underlying principles. This book is composed of 17 chapters that highlight the principles underlying Da Vinci's research in anatomical studies. Considerable chapters deal with Leonardo's scientific methods and the mathematics of his pyramidal law, as well as his observations on the human and animal movements. Other chapters describe the artist's anatomical approach to the mechanism of the human body, specifically the physiology of vision, voice, music, senses, soul, and the nervous system. The remaining chapters examine the mechanism of the bones, joints, respiration, heart, digestion, and urinary and reproductive systems.
The Italian Renaissance is considered by many to mark the beginning of the modern age. The name itself (literally "rebirth") accurately expresses the innovation that took place during that period. Renaissance thinkers took a vital interest in history, literature, and the arts, focusing on the human world as much as, if not more than, that of God. The rapid development of the arts and sciences reflected their study of the visible, physical world in all its three-dimensional glory. The source of these new impulses, says the author, can be found in what Rudolf Steiner calls the birth of "the consciousness soul"--the faculty for objective self-awareness. Instead of a primarily inward-looking consciousness, people began looking outward with greater intensity, observing the world around them in detail. With greater conscious of their separate being, people of the Renaissance began to study the phenomena of the world of nature from an individual, personal perspective. In this enlightening book, illustrated with sixteen pages of color plates, the author illuminates the concept of the consciousness soul, showing how it is reflected in fifteenth-century Florentine painting, sculpture, and architecture, as well as in the impulses issuing from Plato's Academy of Athens.
The spaces we inhabit– from homes and workspaces to city streets—mediate community, creativity, and our very identity. Using insights from environmental psychology, design, and architecture, The Shaping of Us shows how the built and natural worlds subtly influence our behavior, health, and personality. Exploring ideas such as “ruin porn” and “ninja-proof seating,” mysteries of how we interact with the physical spaces around us are revealed. From caves and cathedrals to our current housing crisis and the dreaded open-plan office, Lily Bernheimer demonstrates that, for our well-being, we must reconnect with the power to shape our spaces. Have you ever wondered why we adorn our doorframes with moldings? What does Wikipedia’s open-source technology have to teach us about the history and future of urban housing? What does your desk say about your personality? From savannahs and skyscrapers to co-working spaces, The Shaping of Us shows that the built environment supports our well-being best when it echoes our natural habitats in some way. In attempting to restore this natural quality to human environments, we often look to other species for inspiration. The real secret to building for well-being, Bernheimer argues, is to reconnect humans with the power to shape our surroundings. When people are involved in forming and nurturing their environments, they feel a greater sense of agency, community, and pride, or “collective efficacy.” And when communities have high rates of collective efficacy, they tend to have less litter, vandalism, and violent crime. Playful and accessible, The Shaping of Us is a delightful read for designers, professionals, and anyone wanting to understand how spaces make us tick and how to fix the broken bits of our world.
Body and Mind by Henry Maudsley, MD Lond From the Author of Books Like: The Pathology of Mind The Physiology of Mind The Responsibility in Mental Disease The Relations and Duties of the Medical Profession to the Public The Influence of Body on Mind and Mind on Body  "Understanding the complex relationship between our physical body and mental processes is the key to unlocking the secrets of human nature." In Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, a distinguished British psychiatrist and medical doctor, presents a comprehensive exploration of the intricate connection between the human body and mind. Drawing from his extensive experience in the field of psychiatry and medicine, Maudsley offers an in-depth analysis of the reciprocal influence of the body and mind, and how they shape our overall well-being. ♥♥Body and Mind by Henry Maudsley, MD Lond (ILLUSTRATED)♥♥ Embark on a captivating journey into the fascinating world of psychophysiology and uncover the intricate relationship between the human body and mind with the help of renowned psychiatrist and physician, Henry Maudsley. Through engaging illustrations and insightful anecdotes, this book unravels the mysteries of the mind-body connection and its implications on our health and well-being. This book will help you: Understand the fundamental principles of psychophysiology and the relationship between the body and the mind. Explore the impact of physical health on mental well-being, and vice versa. Gain insights into the role of stress, diet, and exercise in shaping our mental and physical health. Learn about the influence of genetics and environmental factors on the body-mind connection. Discover the groundbreaking research conducted by Henry Maudsley and its lasting impact on the field of psychiatry and medicine. Full of valuable knowledge and fascinating insights, Body and Mind is an essential resource for anyone interested in understanding the complex relationship between our physical body and mental processes. Join Henry Maudsley as he unravels the mysteries of the mind-body connection and reveals the essential role it plays in shaping our overall health and well-being. Henry Maudsley (1835-1918) was a British psychiatrist and medical doctor who made significant contributions to the fields of psychiatry and psychophysiology. He is best known for his work in establishing the Maudsley Hospital in London, which remains a leading institution for psychiatric care and research. Maudsley's research and contributions to the field have had a lasting impact on our understanding of the complex relationship between the body and the mind. Summary of the Book The mind-body connection: Explore the intricate relationship between the human body and mind, and the role of psychophysiology in understanding this connection. The impact of physical health on mental well-being: Delve into the ways in which our physical health can influence our mental well-being, including the effects of stress, diet, and exercise. The influence of mental health on physical well-being: Examine the role of mental health in shaping our physical well-being, and the ways in which our thoughts and emotions can impact our overall health. Genetics and environmental factors: Gain insights into the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the body-mind connection, and how these factors can shape our overall health and well-being. The legacy of Henry Maudsley: Discover the groundbreaking research conducted by Henry Maudsley and its lasting impact on the field of psychiatry and medicine, including the establishment of the Maudsley Hospital and advances in our understanding of the mind-body connection. Embark on a journey into the fascinating world of psychophysiology with Body and Mind by Henry Maudsley, MD Lond, and uncover the secrets of the complex relationship between the human body and mind. Unlock the mysteries of the mind-body connection and learn how this essential interplay shapes our overall health, well-being, and our understanding of human nature.