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The 2012 GCSE English results prompted significant controversy, which ultimately resulted in an application for judicial review. This report sets out the background to these events and identifies lessons to be learned. The problems with GCSE English can be traced back to the 2007-09 development phase of the qualification- in particular the turbulence which resulted from the shift away from a mostly linear to a modular system, combined with a high proportion of controlled assessment and generous marking tolerances. Exam board experts raised concerns at the time, but these were not acted upon by the regulator (the then-interim Ofqual). Further difficulties arose because of pressures from the school accountability system. The problems experienced with GCSE English in 2012 highlighted serious weaknesses in the moderation of speaking and listening, with consequences for grade awarding. The current status of Ofqual, as an independent regulator accountable to Parliament, is the right one. However, the Coalition Government is bringing in wholesale changes to GCSEs and A levels, to a tight timetable and at the same time. Ofqual must have systems in place. The Committee is also concerned that there is a rush towards separate exam systems for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, without careful reflection on what might be lost, or consensus that this is the right thing to do.
The British general election of May 2010 delivered the first coalition government since the Second World War. David Cameron and Nick Clegg pledged a 'new politics' with the government taking office in the midst of the worst economic crisis since the 1930s. Five years on, a team of leading experts drawn from academia, the media, Parliament, Whitehall and think tanks assesses this 'coalition effect' across a broad range of policy areas. Adopting the contemporary history approach, this pioneering book addresses academic and policy debates across this whole range of issues. Did the coalition represent the natural 'next step' in party dealignment and the evolution of multi-party politics? Was coalition in practice a historic innovation in itself, or did the essential principles of Britain's uncodified constitution remain untroubled? Fundamentally, was the coalition able to deliver on its promises made in the coalition agreement, and what were the consequences - for the country and the parties - of this union?
Knowledge has been a defining focus for the curriculum studies field. In the early part of the 21st century convincing arguments were mounted that knowledge needed to be ‘brought back in’, both to the curriculum of schools and to the attention of curriculum researchers. This book is a result of these arguments, and what some regarded as a ‘crisis’ in curriculum study related to the growing emphasis on international comparisons between education systems. The book’s most important contribution is to build on seminal work in the sociology and philosophy of education in order to develop new foundations for curriculum study, using the importance of ‘transactions’ as the context for understanding knowledge in the curriculum. The contributors build on this importance to suggest a rapprochement in the field around the idea of curriculum knowledge as both constructed and real. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Curriculum Journal.
This book explores and builds on the extraordinary work of Professor Paul Black across assessment and pedagogy across the curriculum, including STEM, humanities and social science subjects. This book explores the influence that Black has had within educational settings focusing on interpretations of the work and scholarship he has achieved across a range of settings and on the ways scholars, who have worked with him or been influenced by his ideas, have developed their research and teaching. The contributions are presented under three thematic sections, each of which reflects a set of shared educational concerns and values drawing on the natural and social sciences and developments in public policy. These concerns and values, with their emphasis on teacher assessment, provide a basis for a strategic, informed and coherent response to challenges in education, such as the cancellation of public examinations in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Assessment of educational achievement, whether by traditional examinations or by teachers in schools, attracts considerable public interest, particularly when it is associated with ‘high stakes’ outcomes such as university entry or selection for employment. When the individual’s results do not chime with their or their teachers’ expectations, doubts creep in about the process of assessment that has arrived at this result. However, educational assessment is made up of many layers of complexity, which are not always clear to the general public, including teachers, students, and parents, and which are not easily understood outside of the expert assessment community. These layers may be organized in highly co-dependent relationships that include reliability, validity, human judgment, and errors, and the uses and interpretations of the various types of assessment. No-one could reasonably argue that the principles and complexities of educational assessment should be core learning in public education, but there is a growing realization that trust in the UK assessment system is under some threat as the media and others sensationalize or politicize any problems that arise each year. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of how the general public is considered to perceive and understand a wide variety of aspects of educational assessment, and how this understanding may be improved. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Oxford Review of Education.
This report finds that poor white British boys and girls are educationally underperforming - but great schools have a transformative effect. The problem of poor, white British under attainment is real and the gap between those children and their better off class mates starts in their earliest school years and then widens as they get older. Just 32% of poor white British children achieve five good GCSEs including English and mathematics, compared with 42% of black Caribbean children eligible for free school meals and 61% of disadvantaged Indian children. Poor white children also do less homework and have a higher rate of absence from school. But good schools and teachers can make a huge difference to the academic achievement of children eligible for free school meals. Twice the proportion of poor children attending an 'outstanding' school will achieve five good GCSEs when compared with what the same group will achieve in 'inadequate' schools. Guidance for schools is needed on how an extended school day could be used to provide space and time for children to complete homework. And more work is needed to understand what interventions can be most effective in improving parental engagement, early language stimulus and other home based conditions which can set children up to succeed. The Government should also publish an analysis of the incentives that influence where teachers choose to work, and use this to design a system that ensures that the most challenging schools can attract the best teachers and leaders.
This book examines the development of Welsh devolution in the context of great economic and political uncertainty. Drawing on research carried out over more than a decade, it explores whether Welsh devolution has developed the capacity to resist internal and external pressures and to continue to pursue a distinctive political and policy agenda.
The Government wants schools to take more responsibility for themselves and each other in delivering a true self-improving school system. It wants schools to look not to local authorities for expertise but to each other. We have no problem with that vision and think the wide range of models and structures already in place is a strength and proof of vitality. We support moves to give schools more freedom to innovate but we argue that the creation of a self-improving system needs a degree of coordination and strong incentives to encourage schools to look beyond their own school gate. Otherwise there is a danger that many schools will operate in isolation rather than in cooperation. Academy chains are generally performing well but raise particular questions and need specific solutions. We recommend that it should be made clear how academies can leave chains either with or without mutual consent. We also call for the Department for Education to monitor more effectively the extent to which convertor academies meet the expectation that they should support other schools. The report calls for, amongst other recommendations, that: Ofsted to be given the powers to inspect academy chains and for Government to formalise procedures for schools to leave academy chains by mutual consent, and to set out how an outstanding school can leave a chain against the wishes of the chain management
The landscape of schooling in England has been transformed over the last five years. Academy sponsorship has encouraged and facilitated the contribution of individuals not previously involved in education provision and laid down a challenge to maintained schools to improve or face replacement by the insurgent academy model. The development of outstanding Multi Academy Trusts like Ark and Harris offers an alternative system to the one overseen by local authorities while the unified Ofsted inspection regime and published performance data generally allows fair judgment of comparative performance. There is a complex relationship between attainment, autonomy, collaboration and accountability. Current evidence does not allow the Committee to draw conclusions on whether academies in themselves are a positive force for change. This is partly a matter of timing but more information is needed on the performance of individual academy chains. Most academy freedoms are in fact available to all schools and Committee recommends that curriculum freedoms are also extended to maintained schools.
In this report the Education Committee recommends that children in care should be found residential homes in their own areas and local authorities should ensure that they have enough suitable placements to make this possible. The Committee was concerned at the number of children being placed in homes far from their own communities and families, and the Government should look at the impact of introducing a 20 mile limit on placements to increase incentives on local authorities to develop more facilities. It is also a matter of great concern that children are being placed in homes located in unsuitable and dangerous areas. The Government must act if its latest reforms do not adequately address this problem. The report also calls for: better training and development of the workforce in children's homes to ensure that staff and managers have the skills and outlook to create a culture which promotes the safety and welfare of children living in them; a national protocol that allows children's homes to deal with incidents of challenging behaviour to avoid the over-criminalisation of children; children to be given a greater role in selecting residential care workers.