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This volume will summarize the most recent development in experimentation, computation, and theory on chemistry of glass forming melt, including melt structure modeling and melt structure and characterizations. This volume provides a timely update on the advances in glass basic science research and development.
Volume 20 of Reviews in Mineralogy attempted to: (1) provide examples illustrating the state-of-the-art in powder diffraction, with emphasis on applications to geological materials; (2) describe how to obtain high-quality powder diffraction data; and (3) show how to extract maximum information from available data. In particular, the nonambient experiments are examples of some of the new and exciting areas of study using powder diffraction, and the interested reader is directed to the rapidly growing number of published papers on these subjects. Powder diffraction has evolved to a point where considerable information can be obtained from ug-sized samples, where detection limits are in the hundreds of ppm range, and where useful data can be obtained in milliseconds to microseconds. We hope that the information in this volume will increase the reader's access to the considerable amount of information contained in typical diffraction data.
2012 marked the centenary of one of the most significant discoveries of the early twentieth century, the discovery of X-ray diffraction (March 1912, by Laue, Friedrich, and Knipping) and of Bragg's law (November 1912). The discovery of X-ray diffraction confirmed the wave nature of X-rays and the space-lattice hypothesis. It had two major consequences: the analysis of the structure of atoms, and the determination of the atomic structure of materials. This had a momentous impact in chemistry, physics, mineralogy, material science, and biology. This book relates the discovery itself, the early days of X-ray crystallography, and the way the news of the discovery spread round the world. It explains how the first crystal structures were determined, and recounts which were the early applications of X-ray crystallography. It also tells how the concept of space lattice has developed since ancient times, and how our understanding of the nature of light has changed over time. The contributions of the main actors of the story, prior to the discovery, at the time of the discovery and immediately afterwards, are described through their writings and are put into the context of the time, accompanied by brief biographical details.
Unified Theory and Practice: Polymer Adhesion, X-Ray Diffraction, & X-Ray Florescence By: Frank H. Chung, PhD There are seven adhesion theories scattered in the literature. Each explains adhesion strength loosely in words and figures. The unified theory of polymer adhesion derives a mathematical equation linking bond length, bond energy and bond strength (lb/in 2 ). It unifies and clarifies prior insights into a coherent concept. A set of guidelines is compiled on the effects of functional groups, solvent blends, pigments and filler, adhesion promotion, and the causes of adhesion loss. Due to the complex matrix effects, the quantitative XRD & XRF analyses of mixtures require calibration lines from standard, hence tedious and time-consuming. New insights reveal that both the matrix effects and calibration lines can be eliminated mathematically. A decoding formula applies to both XRD & XRF. One XRD or XRF scan quantifies the chemical elements or compounds in any mixture. The unified procedure reduces about 80% of work current practice with a precision of ± 5% or better.