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Zintl phases are a salt-like category of intermetallic compounds in which electrons are completely transferred from cations to anions. The covalent bonding, which can lead to clusters and framework in the structures, provide possible complexity of structures in Zintl phases. Ca14AlSb11 was discovered in 1984 as the first analog of A14MPn11 structure type and more iso-structural analogs have been discovered since then. The structural details, electrical and magnetic properties are related to composite elements and clear trends are observed within composite elements. The analog Yb14MnSb11 has been discovered to be the best p-type thermoelectric material at the high temperature region (> 1000 K) ever known and its thermoelectric properties still can be improved. Chemical substitutions have been studied to optimize its thermoelectric properties and its iso-structural analogs may provide more alternatives as high-efficiency thermoelectric materials. Magnetism of single crystals of Yb[subscript 14-x]RE[subscript x]MnSb11 (0
Seven chapters report current research into the phases and ions of a class of compounds that are electronically positioned between the intermetallic compounds and insulating valence compounds. They cover structure and bonding at the Zintl border, structural patterns of homo- and hetero-nuclear anions and related intermetallic compounds and concepts for interpreting them, the early p-block elements, polyanions in liquid ionic alloys, molecular transition metal complexes, transition metal compounds, and synthesizing and characterizing intermetallic materials using Zintl phases as precursors. An introduction surveys the life and work of German chemist Eduard Zintl (1898-1941). Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Gordon J. Miller, Michael W. Schmidt, Fei Wang, Tae-Soo You: Quantitative Advances in the Zintl-Klemm Formalism Jürgen Evers: High Pressure Investigations on AIBIII Zintl Compounds (AI = Li to Cs; BIII = Al to Tl) up to 30 GPa Andrei Shevelkov, Kirill Kovnir: Zintl Clathrates Ulrich Häussermann, Verina F. Kranak, Kati Puhakainen: Hydrogenous Zintl Phases: Interstitial versus Polyanionic Hydrides
Due to their good mechanical characteristics in terms of stiffness and strength coupled with mass-saving advantage and other attractive physico-chemical properties, composite materials are successfully used in medicine and nanotechnology fields. To this end, the chapters composing the book have been divided into the following sections: medicine, dental and pharmaceutical applications; nanocomposites for energy efficiency; characterization and fabrication, all of which provide an invaluable overview of this fascinating subject area. The book presents, in addition, some studies carried out in orthopedic and stomatological applications and others aiming to design and produce new devices using the latest advances in nanotechnology. This wide variety of theoretical, numerical and experimental results can help specialists involved in these disciplines to enhance competitiveness and innovation.
Zintl phases have been the focus of recent thermoelectric research due to their complex crystal structures, which include covalently bonded anionic sub-structures in a lattice of electropositive cations. The covalent bonds lead to high mobility, while strict electron-counting rules contribute to the formation of complex structures, which in turn lead to low thermal conductivity. In this manner,these compounds can fit the ideal phonon-glass and electron-crystal model for thermoelectric materials. Although Zintl phases are a promising class of thermoelectric materials that have been studied intensively since 2005, there are still several important fundamental questions that remain unanswered. These include questions related to anisotropic transport and how it relates to the crystalstructure, and the role played by intrinsic defects in determining carrier concentration. Additionally, the field of Zintl compounds is ever expanding; through the use of exploratory single crystal growths and the careful selection of starting composition, novel compounds and structure types can be discovered that may be promising thermoelectric candidates.Zintls with the Ca5M2Sb6 (M = Al, Ga, In) structure type, characterized by one-dimensional, ladder-like polyanions, were previously predicted to have highly anisotropic electrical conductivity. To investigate this anisotropic behavior, single crystals of Ca5M2Sb6 (M = Al, Ga, In) were grown in the current work via the self-flux method. These crystals grew preferentially along the polyanionic "ladders" of the structure, but only measured a few millimeters long by tens of microns thick. Characterizing the transport properties of these crystals both parallel and perpendicular to the growth direction demanded a novel characterization technique, as placing contacts by hand wasinfeasible in the perpendicular direction. Micro-fabrication techniques will be utilized whereby micro-ribbons are extracted from crystals both perpendicular and parallel to the preferred growth direction using a focused ion beam milling technique. Photolithography was then utilized to create a circuit of sensors for transport measurements. The resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility of a micro-ribbon of Ca5In2Sb6 perpendicular to the preferred growth direction was successfully characterized using this approach. Resistivity measured in the parallel direction using a four-probe resistivity setup was found to be nearly 20 times higher than the perpendicular direction, confirming theoretical predictions.Experimental investigation of intrinsic defects in single crystals is also explored in the promising Mg3Sb2 system, accomplished using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The defect chemistry of this system for both Mg- and Sb-rich single crystal synthesis is investigated, where vacancies and interstitial sites are identified and quantified in collaboration with researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden, Germany.Lastly, the discovery of a new quaternary Zintl phase, Ca9Zn3.1In0.9Sb9 is reported, which was discovered as a by-product during the attempted growth of Zn-doped Ca5In2Sb6. The new Ca9Zn3.1In0.9Sb9 structure was solved with the help of collaborators at the University of Delaware. Measurements of the electrical resistivity of the Ca9Zn3.1In0.9Sb9 crystals performed at MichiganState University showed results similar to that of already-optimized Ca9Zn4.5Sb9 compounds, pointing to promising thermoelectric performance.
Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides, Volume 60 presents the latest release in this continuous series that covers all aspects of rare earth science, including chemistry, life sciences, materials science and physics. Presents up-to-date overviews and new developments in the field of rare earths, covering both their physics and chemistry Contains individual chapters that are comprehensive and broad, along with critical reviews Provides contributions from highly experienced, invited experts
This book provides an overview on nanostructured thermoelectric materials and devices, covering fundamental concepts, synthesis techniques, device contacts and stability, and potential applications, especially in waste heat recovery and solar energy conversion. The contents focus on thermoelectric devices made from nanomaterials with high thermoelectric efficiency for use in large scale to generate megawatts electricity. Covers the latest discoveries, methods, technologies in materials, contacts, modules, and systems for thermoelectricity. Addresses practical details of how to improve the efficiency and power output of a generator by optimizing contacts and electrical conductivity. Gives tips on how to realize a realistic and usable device or module with attention to large scale industry synthesis and product development. Prof. Zhifeng Ren is M. D. Anderson Professor in the Department of Physics and the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston. Prof. Yucheng Lan is an associate professor in Morgan State University. Prof. Qinyong Zhang is a professor in the Center for Advanced Materials and Energy at Xihua University of China.
D. Santamaría-Pérez and F. Liebau : Structural relationships between intermetallic clathrates, porous tectosilicates and clathrates hydrates Vladislav A. Blatov: Crystal structures of inorganic oxoacid salts perceived as cation arrays: a periodic graph approach Ángel Vegas: FeLiPO4: Dissection of a crystal structure. The parts and the whole D. J. M. Bevan, R. L. Martin, Ángel Vegas: Rationalisation of the substructures derived from the three fluorite-related [Li6(MVLi)N4] polymorphs: An analysis in terms of the “Bärnighausen Trees” and of the “Extended Zintl-Klemm Concept” Ángel Vegas: Concurrent pathways in the phase transitions of alloys and oxides: Towards an Unified Vision of Inorganic Solids
Zintl phases are compounds that contain electropositive species that donate their electrons, becoming cations, to more electronegative atoms, which then form bonding networks to fully satisfy valence. They typically have large unit cells and complex structures, and this, along with their electronic properties, contributes to their usefulness as thermolelectric materials. A fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationship in these compounds aids in the design and discovery of new, high thermoelectric figure-of-merit (zT) materials. Complex magnetic properties are also exhibited by a multitude of Zintl phases, further adding to the interest and importance of their study. The isostructural Zintl phases Yb14MSb11 are of specific interest to the thermoelectric community due to the high zT values exhibited at high temperatures by the M= Mn and Mg compounds. Large single crystals were grown in Sn with the goal of answering a question about the valence state of Yb in Yb14MgSb11 through magnetic susceptibility measurements. Partial substitution of Ca and Ba for Yb in Yb14MgSb11 was explored as a means to improve thermoelectric properties and to use more earth-abundant materials in the place of Yb. Single crystals of Rare Earth substituted Yb14ZnSb11 were grown to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of the Yb14ZnSb11 system in contrast to the already explored Yb14MnSb11 system. Polycrystalline samples of Rare Earth substituted Yb14ZnSb11 were synthesized and show large improvements in the thermoelectric properties over plain Yb14ZnSb11. The Zintl phase Sr21Mn4Sb18, a member of another structure family of interest for thermoelectric materials is explored through substitution on both Sr and Mn sites, forming the compound Sr13Eu8Cd3Mn1Sb18, with interesting site preference for both substituted species.
Explore the theory and applications of superatomic clusters and cluster assembled materials Superatoms: Principles, Synthesis and Applications delivers an insightful and exciting exploration of an emerging subfield in cluster science, superatomic clusters and cluster assembled materials. The book presents discussions of the fundamentals of superatom chemistry and their application in catalysis, energy, materials science, and biomedical sciences. Readers will discover the foundational significance of superatoms in science and technology and learn how they can serve as the building blocks of tailored materials, promising to usher in a new era in materials science. The book covers topics as varied as the thermal and thermoelectric properties of cluster-based materials and clusters for CO2 activation and conversion, before concluding with an incisive discussion of trends and directions likely to dominate the subject of superatoms in the coming years. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the rational design of superatoms using electron-counting rules Explorations of superhalogens, endohedrally doped superatoms and assemblies, and magnetic superatoms A practical discussion of atomically precise synthesis of chemically modified superatoms A concise treatment of superatoms as the building blocks of 2D materials, as well as superatom-based ferroelectrics and cluster-based materials for energy harvesting and storage Perfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in cluster science, energy materials, thermoelectrics, 2D materials, and CO2 conversion, Superatoms: Principles, Synthesis and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of interested professionals in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanoscience.