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Examines in some depth two important classes of point processes, determinantal processes and 'Gaussian zeros', i.e., zeros of random analytic functions with Gaussian coefficients. This title presents a primer on modern techniques on the interface of probability and analysis.
Conformal dimension measures the extent to which the Hausdorff dimension of a metric space can be lowered by quasisymmetric deformations. Introduced by Pansu in 1989, this concept has proved extremely fruitful in a diverse range of areas, including geometric function theory, conformal dynamics, and geometric group theory. This survey leads the reader from the definitions and basic theory through to active research applications in geometric function theory, Gromov hyperbolic geometry, and the dynamics of rational maps, amongst other areas. It reviews the theory of dimension in metric spaces and of deformations of metric spaces. It summarizes the basic tools for estimating conformal dimension and illustrates their application to concrete problems of independent interest. Numerous examples and proofs are provided. Working from basic definitions through to current research areas, this book can be used as a guide for graduate students interested in this field, or as a helpful survey for experts. Background needed for a potential reader of the book consists of a working knowledge of real and complex analysis on the level of first- and second-year graduate courses.
The systematic use of Koszul cohomology computations in algebraic geometry can be traced back to the foundational work of Mark Green in the 1980s. Green connected classical results concerning the ideal of a projective variety with vanishing theorems for Koszul cohomology. Green and Lazarsfeld also stated two conjectures that relate the Koszul cohomology of algebraic curves with the existence of special divisors on the curve. These conjectures became an important guideline for future research. In the intervening years, there has been a growing interaction between Koszul cohomology and algebraic geometry. Green and Voisin applied Koszul cohomology to a number of Hodge-theoretic problems, with remarkable success. More recently, Voisin achieved a breakthrough by proving Green's conjecture for general curves; soon afterwards, the Green-Lazarsfeld conjecture for general curves was proved as well. This book is primarily concerned with applications of Koszul cohomology to algebraic geometry, with an emphasis on syzygies of complex projective curves. The authors' main goal is to present Voisin's proof of the generic Green conjecture, and subsequent refinements. They discuss the geometric aspects of the theory and a number of concrete applications of Koszul cohomology to problems in algebraic geometry, including applications to Hodge theory and to the geometry of the moduli space of curves.
The classical ℓp sequence spaces have been a mainstay in Banach spaces. This book reviews some of the foundational results in this area (the basic inequalities, duality, convexity, geometry) as well as connects them to the function theory (boundary growth conditions, zero sets, extremal functions, multipliers, operator theory) of the associated spaces ℓpA of analytic functions whose Taylor coefficients belong to ℓp. Relations between the Banach space ℓp and its associated function space are uncovered using tools from Banach space geometry, including Birkhoff-James orthogonality and the resulting Pythagorean inequalities. The authors survey the literature on all of this material, including a discussion of the multipliers of ℓpA and a discussion of the Wiener algebra ℓ1A. Except for some basic measure theory, functional analysis, and complex analysis, which the reader is expected to know, the material in this book is self-contained and detailed proofs of nearly all the results are given. Each chapter concludes with some end notes that give proper references, historical background, and avenues for further exploration.
The main theme of the book is the nonlinear geometry of Banach spaces, and it considers various significant problems in the field. The present book is a commented transcript of the notes of the graduate-level topics course in nonlinear functional analysis given by the late Nigel Kalton in 2008. Nonlinear geometry of Banach spaces is a very active area of research with connections to theoretical computer science, noncommutative geometry, as well as geometric group theory. Nigel Kalton was the most influential and prolific contributor to the theory. Collected here are the topics that Nigel Kalton felt were significant for those first dipping a toe into the subject of nonlinear functional analysis and presents these topics in an accessible and concise manner. As well as covering some well-known topics, it also includes recent results discovered by Kalton and his collaborators which have not previously appeared in textbook form. A typical first-year course in functional analysis will provide sufficient background for readers of this book.
The theory of random matrices is an amazingly rich topic in mathematics. Random matrices play a fundamental role in various areas such as statistics, mathematical physics, combinatorics, theoretical computer science, number theory and numerical analysis. This volume is based on lectures delivered at the 2013 AMS Short Course on Random Matrices, held January 6-7, 2013 in San Diego, California. Included are surveys by leading researchers in the field, written in introductory style, aiming to provide the reader a quick and intuitive overview of this fascinating and rapidly developing topic. These surveys contain many major recent developments, such as progress on universality conjectures, connections between random matrices and free probability, numerical algebra, combinatorics and high-dimensional geometry, together with several novel methods and a variety of open questions.
Understanding, finding, or even deciding on the existence of real solutions to a system of equations is a difficult problem with many applications outside of mathematics. While it is hopeless to expect much in general, we know a surprising amount about these questions for systems which possess additional structure often coming from geometry. This book focuses on equations from toric varieties and Grassmannians. Not only is much known about these, but such equations are common in applications. There are three main themes: upper bounds on the number of real solutions, lower bounds on the number of real solutions, and geometric problems that can have all solutions be real. The book begins with an overview, giving background on real solutions to univariate polynomials and the geometry of sparse polynomial systems. The first half of the book concludes with fewnomial upper bounds and with lower bounds to sparse polynomial systems. The second half of the book begins by sampling some geometric problems for which all solutions can be real, before devoting the last five chapters to the Shapiro Conjecture, in which the relevant polynomial systems have only real solutions.
The theory of persistence modules originated in topological data analysis and became an active area of research in algebraic topology. This book provides a concise and self-contained introduction to persistence modules and focuses on their interactions with pure mathematics, bringing the reader to the cutting edge of current research. In particular, the authors present applications of persistence to symplectic topology, including the geometry of symplectomorphism groups and embedding problems. Furthermore, they discuss topological function theory, which provides new insight into oscillation of functions. The book is accessible to readers with a basic background in algebraic and differential topology.
This book gives a unified, complete, and self-contained exposition of the main algebraic theorems of invariant theory for matrices in a characteristic free approach. More precisely, it contains the description of polynomial functions in several variables on the set of matrices with coefficients in an infinite field or even the ring of integers, invariant under simultaneous conjugation. Following Hermann Weyl's classical approach, the ring of invariants is described by formulating and proving (1) the first fundamental theorem that describes a set of generators in the ring of invariants, and (2) the second fundamental theorem that describes relations between these generators. The authors study both the case of matrices over a field of characteristic 0 and the case of matrices over a field of positive characteristic. While the case of characteristic 0 can be treated following a classical approach, the case of positive characteristic (developed by Donkin and Zubkov) is much harder. A presentation of this case requires the development of a collection of tools. These tools and their application to the study of invariants are exlained in an elementary, self-contained way in the book.
Robert Steinberg's Lectures on Chevalley Groups were delivered and written during the author's sabbatical visit to Yale University in the 1967–1968 academic year. The work presents the status of the theory of Chevalley groups as it was in the mid-1960s. Much of this material was instrumental in many areas of mathematics, in particular in the theory of algebraic groups and in the subsequent classification of finite groups. This posthumous edition incorporates additions and corrections prepared by the author during his retirement, including a new introductory chapter. A bibliography and editorial notes have also been added.