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As aqua-culturists are shifting from extensive to super-intensive culture, the stresses would also increase simultaneously. This incremental growth in stress due to anthropogenic activities is likely to reduce the benefits from intensive culture. Thus it seems obligatory to assure minimization in stresses to the extent possible. It has been observed that the aquatic organisms are able to cope up with almost all kind of stresses more or less except xenobiotic stress. However, xenobiotic have been proved rather difficult to cope. This may be due to the alteration caused by xenobiotics stresses included alteration in genetic setup, which couldn t be reversed. In order to prevent human activities from depleting fish populations, we need to accurately predict the effects of stress. From the chemical runoff of a factory to the noise of a cottager using an outboard motor, fish experience a wide range of stress as a result of human activity. These stressors may not directly kill a fish, but they can cause a myriad of other problems, such as reducing the ability to escape predators or to acquire food.
According to FAO statistics 2008, the total fisheries production was 142.29 M tons out of which 115.09 M tons for human consumption only. Besides the loss due to local pathogens, inadequate farm- management, environmental factors and poor water quality continue to be the most common causes of disease outbreaks in farmed fish and shellfish, pathogen transfer due to international trade in live aquaculture animals and their products is a major underlying reason for major epizootics. Disease outbreaks cause significant losses in aquaculture production and trade and are affecting economic development of some countries. in recent estimates, based on farm surveys in 16 Asian countries, annual losses due to disease in the region total more than US$3.0 billion. This can broadly be prevented by reducing the most important threat i.e.environmental threat on the fisheries sector. In doing so, pathogenic threat can be subsidized and a significant loss due disease and epizootic outbreak can also be minimized. This book provides an insight of various environmental insults to the aquatic organism and how they alter the metabolism of host which attract the pathogenic invasion.
Metal Poisoning in Fish provides a comprehensive look at many aspects of metal poisoning of euryhaline and stenohaline fish. Metals and metalloids are considered individually and collectively and include arsenic, lead, selenium, copper, cadmium, mercury, and zinc. This informative, readable volume is designed to help regulatory personnel, enforcement personnel, and scientists understand the impact of these elements on fish. Topics covered include mechanisms of action, toxicity, biological effects, accumulation, tissue distribution, concentration factors, maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations, application factors, biological half-lives, uptake kinetics, depuration kinetics, elemental speciation, and detoxification mechanisms. The book emphasizes the use of data gathered from a variety of sources to pinpoint specific elemental agents as causal factors in the morbidity and mortality of fish.
Homeostasis and Toxicology of Essential Metals synthesizes the explosion of new information on the molecular, cellular, and organismal handling of metals in fish in the past 15 years. These elements are no longer viewed by fish physiologists as "heavy metals" that kill fish by suffocation, but rather as interesting moieties that enter and leave fish by specific pathways, which are subject to physiological regulation. The metals featured in this volume are those about which there has been most public and scientific concern, and therefore are those most widely studied by fish researchers. Metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, Se, Mo and Cr are either proven to be or are strongly suspected to be essential in trace amounts, yet are toxic in higher doses.
In modern ecotoxicology, fish have become the major vertebrate model, and a tremendous body of information has been accumulated. This volume attempts to summarize our present knowledge in several fields of primary ecotoxicological interest ranging from the use of (ultra)structural modifications of selected cell systems as sources of biomarkers for environmental impact over novel approaches to monitoring the impact of xenobiotics with fish in vitro systems such as primary and permanent fish cell cultures, the importance of early life-stage tests with fish, the bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in fish, the origin of liver neoplastic lesions in small fish species, immunocytochemical approaches to monitoring effects in cytochrome P450-related biotransformation, the impact of heavy metals in soft water systems, the environmental toxicology of organotin compounds, oxidative stress in fish by environmental pollutants to effects by estrogenic substances in aquatic systems.
Aquaculture is rapidly becoming a major source of fish protein used to meet the nutritional needs of humans. As the aquaculture industry grows, exposure of farmed fish to environmental contaminants, and the need for chemical therapeutic agents for fish, will increase. This book is designed to bring together authorities worldwide on the regulation of environmental contaminants and food chemicals and researchers investigating the metabolism and disposition of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) in fish species.
This book summarizes the latest understanding of the impact of xenobiotics on the developmental and reproductive processes of aquatic animals, particularly nektonic forms, which comprise an important group of aquatic ecosystems. Aquaculture is quickly becoming the largest contributor of fish protein for human consumption. As the aquaculture business expands, farmed fish will be exposed to more environmental toxins, necessitating the use of chemical therapeutic drugs for fish. This book brings together experts on the regulation of environmental toxins and food chemicals from around the world, as well as researchers looking into the metabolism and disposal of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) in fish species. The impact of xenobiotics on reproductive and developmental biology of all living forms has become of prime importance at the current time. As the effect of these xenobiotics on aquatic animals is an emerging area for research and development, several groups across the world are working on these aspects, targeting different groups of fishes in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. This collective work highlights several key and updated recent aspects of different types of xenobiotics entering aquatic ecosystems, impacts of these agents on reproductive physiology, developmental biology, breeding biology, hormonal imbalance, aquatic ecology, and pollution on the aquatic ecosystem. The unique aggregation of different types of stressors to aquatic animals under a single volume will be a useful reference for readers, including scientists, teachers, students, researchers and policymakers and those involved in aquaculture and environment conservation.
Biology of Stress in Fish: Fish Physiology provides a general understanding on the topic of stress biology, including most of the recent advances in the field. The book starts with a general discussion of stress, providing answers to issues such as its definition, the nature of the physiological stress response, and the factors that affect the stress response. It also considers the biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the stress response, how the stress response is generated and controlled, its effect on physiological and organismic function and performance, and applied assessment of stress, animal welfare, and stress as related to model species. Provides the definitive reference on stress in fish as written by world-renowned experts in the field Includes the most recent advances and up-to-date thinking about the causes of stress in fish, their implications, and how to minimize the negative effects Considers the biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the stress response