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This collection comprises a theoretical analysis of international capital movements, the Austrian theory of the structure of production in its relation to business-cycle theory, problems of international monetary equilibrium.
We are going to examine the bases of monetarism. We investigate the philosophical bases of equilibrium in money and commodity markets and try to reinterpret "quantity theory of money" to express domestic monetary equilibrium. We deal with important monetary variables as velocity of circulation of money, rate of interest, supply and demand for money with emphasis on different demand motives. External monetary equilibrium with foreign money and exchange rate and price level determination in an open economy are discussed. The subject is generalized to international monetary equilibrium. Important monetary rules that determine exchange rate at international level are introduced. Relation of interest rate and exchange rate is also discussed and determined. Moreover, we reinterpret and develop the original Fisher's quantity theory of money by introducing quantitative relation between transaction and income. Empirical investigations all confirm our formulation. Finally, we define money logically and philosophically and the relation among transaction, output, intermediate input, aggregate supply and demand and their relations to money are explained.
How successful is PPP, and its extension in the monetary model, as a measure of the equilibrium exchange rate? What are the determinants and dynamics of equilibrium real exchange rates? How can misalignments be measured, and what are their causes? What are the effects of specific policies upon the equilibrium exchange rate? The answers to these questions are important to academic theorists, policymakers, international bankers and investment fund managers. This volume encompasses all of the competing views of equilibrium exchange rate determination, from PPP, through other reduced form models, to the macroeconomic balance approach. This volume is essentially empirical: what do we know about exchange rates? The different econometric and theoretical approaches taken by the various authors in this volume lead to mutually consistent conclusions. This consistency gives us confidence that significant progress has been made in understanding what are the fundamental determinants of exchange rates and what are the forces operating to bring them back in line with the fundamentals.
This paper presents a methodology for calculating bilateral equilibrium exchange rates for a panel of currencies in a way that guarantees global consistency. The methodology has three parts: a theoretical model that encompasses the balance of payments and the Balassa-Samuelson approaches to real exchange rate determination; an unobserved components decomposition in a cointegration framework that identifies a time-varying equilibrium real exchange rate; and an algebraic transformation that extracts bilateral equilibrium nominal rates. The results uncover that, by the start of Stage III of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), the euro was significantly undervalued against the dollar and the pound, but overvalued against the yen. The paper also shows that the four major EMU currencies locked their parities with the euro at a rate close to equilibrium.
Develops the argument that moving from "Ricardian" dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models to "non-Ricardian" models solves many puzzles and paradoxes in monetary issues that might have cast doubt on the DSGE methodology for monetary economics.