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The accumulation of surplus petrofunds by some Arab countries, far exceeding the present absorptive capacities of their economies, has given rise to the idea of a major new development effort in sub-Saharan Africa, financed by Arab surpluses and supported by OECD technology and expertise. The guiding principle in the idea of a tripartite partnership is that, given a proper allocation of responsibilities among the three regional participants, cooperation would benefit all parties. The Arab countries, it is argued, would gain experience in management and in the acquisition of technology as a result of increased transactions with Western industrialized countries. Funds from the Arab countries would catalyze accelerated development in sub-Saharan Africa and would provide a desirable alternative to OECD-intermediated flows of capital and trade between Africa and the Arab world; this could help reduce Africa's dependence on the OECD countries for technology, expertise, financing, and markets. And finally, the OECD members would benefit politically from an effective development effort involving their response to initiatives taken by the South, and would gain economically by increasing their exports as African and Arab absorptive capacities rose and by continuing to exercise management functions in the context of development. To further explore the potential of this triangular cooperation, a group of experts from Africa, the Arab Middle East, Western Europe, and North America held a conference at the Rockefeller Foundation conference center in Bellagio, Italy, in May 1980. In their discussions--the basis of this book--they identified and analyzed a wide range of problems and issues involved. They concluded that the central issue is whether trilateral projects of appropriate design for the African setting can be identified and implemented through arrangements that ensure an equitable and effective distribution of responsibilities, risks, and benefits among the participants,
Leading Marxist thinkers re-evaluate Trotsky's key theories -- an ideal introduction for students.
Growing economic globalisation has increased international business competition and international economic interdependence. From this perspective, many firms have formed business partnerships and most nations have had to re-evaluate their economic interdependence. This book explores changes that have occurred or have been proposed in this regard. It provides new insights into business partnerships and international economic interdependence, given growing economic globalisation, and explores the managerial and socio-economic consequences of those ideas. The contributions in this book have been divided into four parts. Those in Part II concentrate on the specification of partnerships and reasons for business partnerships in the context of a globalisation. The idea of global networks in which some "hard" and "soft" forms of partnerships would appear and mix is introduced and discussed according to the partners involved (nations, unions, firms and consumers) and the economic activities (whether tangible or abstract). Globalisation also has a number of consequences for business co-ordination, in particular when they are based on outsourcing strategies in which cost reduction is balanced with knowledge transfers. These are amongst the issues explored in Part III. The difficulty to monitor and predict the effects of global partnerships tends to increase the importance of cultural and psychological variables such as trust and commitment. Therefore the role of attitudes and perceptions is very important. Whatever the agreement and the conjoined management among partner firms, the attitude of the other agents can produce asymmetric affects on these firms and considerably bias their partnership strategy. Such biases are particularly likely from consumers. Their attitude towards globalisation is not the only bias that may occur. Their loyalty is also an important issue in a globalising world, particularly in the service sector where lots of partnerships have been made on a global scale (eg banks, airlines, leisure). These are amongst the relationship marketing issues explored in Part IV. In Part V, the factors introduced in the previous chapters are considered from a regional and cultural perspective, where nations and regions themselves are engaged in global partnership. In this context, discrepancy often develops between the domestic and the international globalisation strategies, as well as between the capital and labour markets. The resulting complexity is particularly problematic for the developing and peripheral economies. Novel insights about partnership emerge, as studied in this concluding part of the book.
Salient features of the interdependent world economy and the evolving North-South relationship, p. 9.
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The rapid development of Asian countries has met with mixed reactions among economists. Most economists understand that a genuine development is underway; but, since the process has been a complex one, each has been able to apply favorite explanations to the situation. In Eastern Asia, regional interdependence has been important to developing countries. This work discusses the interaction between the regional economies through trade and foreign direct investment, relating interaction to economic growth and development.