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Algeria, as an Arab country, is influenced by the local values and traditions that had impacts on the position and roles of women in society. The main functions of Algerian women are mainly focused on educating their children and taking care of their husbands. They are mainly confined to working at home or in farms with their husbands or other family members. Female occupations then evolved to occupy certain jobs, particularly pottery, knitting, weaving and traditional sewing of women's dresses, as well as other trades and occupations that prevailed. The breakout of the Algerian liberation revolution (1954-1962) led to the enrolment of women in the revolution, and that led to their participation in social and humanitarian activities, especially in nursing, social and communication tasks. After independence, Algerian women exercised various professional activities and assumed responsibilities in certain jobs, in the sectors of education, higher education, vocational training, health, and clerical jobs. Some have also acceded industrial occupations, particularly in the textile, sewing and familial enterprises. However, at the end of the twentieth century, educated Algerian women began to penetrate new careers, which were the prerogative of men. Besides the responsibilities in various industrial enterprises, they entered activities requiring physical strength such as building activities, construction, mechanical engineering, oil industries, especially as engineers in various disciplines. Young graduated women from universities, schools and colleges, became active in the field of entrepreneurship. As a result of the economic crisis, and the apparition of structures for youth employment and the State encouragement for youth to set up their enterprises, women were encouraged to start up their enterprises. In spite of the socio-cultural changes as a result of the expansion of education and occupational training, including higher education, Women encountered environmental and socio-cultural constraints. Algerian women face almost the same constraints as well as women in the MENA region (the Middle East and North Africa). There are several studies on women entrepreneurship in Europe and America, but fewer in Algeria, and Arab countries in general. The majority of researches are dealing with women entrepreneurship from an economic aspect, while my research has focused on the psychological, social and cultural constraints of women entrepreneurship. This research contributes to the empowerment of women in the MENA Region and makes them aware of their abilities and potentials. A questionnaire was developed to study the characteristics of women entrepreneurs as affected by local culture. It was used also for the assessment of women's skills and managerial innovations observed in women entrepreneurs in Algeria, their ways of managing male/female relationships, perceptions of the relationship between the Algerian local culture and innovative management practices. This questionnaire can be used in other Arab Muslim cultures, in the MENA region. This book encompasses several papers published separately or presented in different international conferences and, all of them deal with socio-cultural constraints of women entrepreneurs, women’s psychological characteristics, their managerial abilities and their challenges in an unhealthy business environment. Socio-cultural environment and constraints of Algerian and Arab women entrepreneurs, their psychological characteristics and managerial practices are investigated in this book.
In recent years, a number of scholars trained in the area of economics have begun to pay attention to a fascinating and increasingly important question: Does the interrelationship between religion and enterprise shape entrepreneurial decision making? Though religious groups can provide additional means for the generation of social capital, especially where ethnicity is strongly associated with specific religious adherence, it has been largely absent in economic discussions. Understanding the Relationship Between Religion and Entrepreneurship is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of religious theology on entrepreneurial decision making. While highlighting topics including women in business, religious marketing, and consumer behavior, this book is ideally designed for entrepreneurs, theologists, business managers, policymakers, researchers, industry professionals, academician, and students seeking current research on the economic impacts of religious beliefs and practices.
Women’s entrepreneurship is an effective way to combat poverty, hunger and disease, to stimulate sustainable business practices, and to promote gender equality. Yet, deeply engrained cultural norms often prescribe gender-specific roles and behaviors that severely constrain the opportunities for women’s entrepreneurial activities. This excellent new volume of work from the Diana Group explores this paradox.
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region. Despite undertaking economic reforms in many countries, and having considerable success in avoiding crises and achieving macroeconomic stability, the region’s economic performance in the past 30 years has been below potential. This paper takes stock of the region’s relatively weak performance, explores the reasons for this out come, and proposes an agenda for urgent reforms.
This book provides scientific evidence, both theoretically and empirically, on the understudied field of women entrepreneurs across North Africa. It provides insights on the domain of women entrepreneurship, undertaking critical assessment of overall historical frameworks, ecosystems and future perspectives of the region.Women entrepreneurship is among the most important and unexploited sources of economic growth in the developing world. Yet, despite much progress in socioeconomic aspects such as health, life expectancy and education, the gender economic gap remains unchanged. More needs to be done to understand the underlying forces and factors in the region to challenge the current status quo.
Freedom HouseOs innovative publication WomenOs Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance analyzes the status of women in the region, with a special focus on the gains and setbacks for womenOs rights since the first edition was released in 2005. The study presents a comparative evaluation of conditions for women in 17 countries and one territory: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine (Palestinian Authority and Israeli-Occupied Territories), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The publication identifies the causes and consequences of gender inequality in the Middle East, and provides concrete recommendations for national and international policymakers and implementers. Freedom House is an independent nongovernmental organization that supports democratic change, monitors freedom, and advocates for democracy and human rights. The project has been embraced as a resource not only by international players like the United Nations and the World Bank, but also by regional womenOs rights organizations, individual activists, scholars, and governments worldwide. WomenOs rights in each country are assessed in five key areas: (1) Nondiscrimination and Access to Justice; (2) Autonomy, Security, and Freedom of the Person; (3) Economic Rights and Equal Opportunity; (4) Political Rights and Civic Voice; and (5) Social and Cultural Rights. The methodology is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the study results are presented through a set of numerical scores and analytical narrative reports.
Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa: The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation explores the relationships and inter-dependencies between innovation, political regimes, and economic and social development throughout the Middle East and North Africa region.
This contributed volume explores and reveals the new developments, dynamics and recommendations for entrepreneurship education in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Presenting papers by respected experts in the field, it shares essential insights on the status quo of entrepreneurial education and training programs, the characteristics and motivations of early stage entrepreneurs, and the regional framework conditions in MENA. The book closes with a bibliometric perspective on the trends in the entrepreneurship research and education being developed in MENA.